Ross C E, Mirowsky J
J Health Soc Behav. 1989 Jun;30(2):206-19.
Research on the social patterns of depression in the community finds consistently that high levels of education and income, being male, and being married are associated with lower levels of depression. We attempt to explain these patterns as the result of two essential social perceptions: the sense of controlling one's own life rather than being at the mercy of powerful others and outside forces, and the sense of having a supportive and understanding person to talk to in times of trouble. In theory, the sense of control reduces depression because it encourages active problem solving, and the sense of support reduces depression because it provides others to talk to. We find evidence for the first proposition: persons who feel in control of their lives are more likely to attempt to solve problems. Perceived control and problem solving decrease depression and largely explain the effects of income and education on depression. We find, however, that support has mixed effects. Support decreases depression, but talking to others when faced with a problem, which increases with the level of support, increases depression. Support explains a small part of the effect of marriage on depression. Control and support have an interactive effect on depression, suggesting that control and support can substitute for one another to decrease depression: a high level of one reduces the need for the other, and a low level of one is remedied by a high level of the other.
对社区中抑郁症社会模式的研究一直发现，高学历、高收入、男性以及已婚与较低的抑郁症水平相关。我们试图将这些模式解释为两种基本社会认知的结果：一种是掌控自己生活的感觉，而非受强大他人和外部力量的摆布；另一种是在遇到麻烦时有一个支持自己且善解人意的人可以倾诉的感觉。从理论上讲，掌控感能减轻抑郁，因为它鼓励积极解决问题；支持感能减轻抑郁，因为它提供了倾诉对象。我们找到了支持第一个观点的证据：感觉能掌控自己生活的人更有可能尝试解决问题。感知到的掌控力和解决问题的能力会减轻抑郁，并在很大程度上解释了收入和教育对抑郁的影响。然而,我们发现支持有复杂的影响。支持能减轻抑郁，但面对问题时与他人交谈（这种情况会随着支持程度的增加而增加）会加重抑郁。支持只能解释婚姻对抑郁影响的一小部分。掌控力和支持对抑郁有交互作用，这表明掌控力和支持可以相互替代以减轻抑郁：一方程度高时会减少对另一方的需求，一方程度低时另一方程度高可以弥补。
