Coleman A J, Saunders J E
Department of Medical Physics, St Thomas' Hospital, London.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 1989;15(3):213-27. doi: 10.1016/0301-5629(89)90066-5.
A survey of the pressures and intensities generated by different commercial extracorporeal shock wave (ESWL) lithotripters is reported. The lithotripters included in the survey are the Dornier HM3, Wolf Piezolith 2200 and 2300, Siemens Lithostar, Technomed Sonolith 2000 and 3000, and EDAP LT-01. Measurements were made using a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) membrane hydrophone in water. The zero crossing frequency of one complete cycle of the focused pulse from ESWL equipment is in the range 0.1 to 1 MHz. Spatial-peak temporal-peak positive and negative pressures up to 114 MPa and 10 MPa, respectively, have been measured and the rise times of the positive pressure half cycle at maximum output settings are 30 ns or less. The mean spatial-peak temporal-average intensity of the lithotripters is 5.0 x 10(2) W m-2 when operated at a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz. The spatial-peak pulse-average intensity ranges from 6.6 x 10(7) to 1.24 x 10(9) W m-2. The estimated acoustic energy in a single pulse (at the focus) at the maximum output setting of the lithotripters varies from 2.0 x 10(-3) J to about 9.0 x 10(-2) J. The beam area in the focal plane varies by a factor of 100 on different lithotripters and the temporal-peak pressure at the position of the skin at the entry point of the beam by a factor of 30. Measurement problems associated with hydrophone damage and the uncertainties in the hydrophone calibration at high pressures are discussed and an estimate of the total uncertainty in the absolute measurements of the spatial-peak temporal-peak positive pressure is given as +/- 36%.
本文报道了一项关于不同商用体外冲击波碎石机（ESWL）产生的压力和强度的调查。参与调查的碎石机包括多尼尔HM3、狼牌Piezolith 2200和2300、西门子Lithostar、Technomed Sonolith 2000和3000以及EDAP LT - 01。测量是在水中使用聚偏二氟乙烯（PVdF）膜水听器进行的。ESWL设备聚焦脉冲一个完整周期的过零频率在0.1至1兆赫兹范围内。分别测量到高达114兆帕和10兆帕的空间峰值时间峰值正压和负压，并且在最大输出设置下正压半周期的上升时间为30纳秒或更短。当以1赫兹的脉冲重复频率运行时，碎石机的平均空间峰值时间平均强度为5.0×10²瓦/平方米。空间峰值脉冲平均强度范围为6.6×10⁷至1.24×10⁹瓦/平方米。在碎石机最大输出设置下，单个脉冲（在焦点处）的估计声能从2.0×10⁻³焦耳变化到约9.0×10⁻²焦耳。不同碎石机焦平面上的束面积变化达100倍，束进入点处皮肤位置的时间峰值压力变化达30倍。讨论了与水听器损坏相关的测量问题以及高压下水听器校准的不确定性，并给出了空间峰值时间峰值正压绝对测量总不确定性的估计值为±36%。
