Smit Dirk J A, Anokhin Andrey P
Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2017 May;115:86-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.498. Epub 2016 Jul 12.
The brain continuously develops and reorganizes to support an expanding repertoire of behaviors and increasingly complex cognition. These processes may, however, also result in the appearance or disappearance of specific neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention problems. To investigate whether brain activity changed during adolescence, how genetics shape this change, and how these changes were related to attention problems, we measured EEG activity in 759 twins and siblings, assessed longitudinally in four waves (12, 14, 16, and 18years of age). Attention problems were assessed with the SWAN at waves 12, 14, and 16. To characterize functional brain development, we used a measure of temporal stability (TS) of brain oscillations over the recording time of 5min reflecting the tendency of a brain to maintain the same oscillatory state for longer or shorter periods. Increased TS may reflect the brain's tendency to maintain stability, achieve focused attention, and thus reduce "mind wandering" and attention problems. The results indicate that brain TS is increased across the scalp from 12 to 18. TS showed large individual differences that were heritable. Change in TS (alpha oscillations) was heritable between 12 and 14 and between 14 and 16 for the frontal brain areas. Absolute levels of brain TS at each wave were positively correlated with attention problems but not significantly. High and low attention problems subjects showed different developmental trajectories in TS, which was significant in a cluster of frontal leads. These results indicate that trajectories in brain TS development are a biomarker for the developing brain. TS in brain oscillations is highly heritable, and age-related change in TS is also heritable in selected brain areas. These results suggest that high and low attention problems subjects are at different stages of brain development.
大脑持续发育并重新组织，以支持不断扩展的行为模式和日益复杂的认知。然而，这些过程也可能导致特定神经发育障碍的出现或消失，如注意力问题。为了研究青春期大脑活动是否发生变化、基因如何塑造这种变化，以及这些变化与注意力问题有何关联，我们对759对双胞胎和兄弟姐妹进行了脑电图（EEG）活动测量，并在四个时间点（12岁、14岁、16岁和18岁）进行纵向评估。在12岁、14岁和16岁时，使用青少年注意力缺陷多动障碍评定量表（SWAN）评估注意力问题。为了描述大脑功能发育，我们使用了一种在5分钟记录时间内大脑振荡的时间稳定性（TS）测量方法，它反映了大脑在较长或较短时间内保持相同振荡状态的倾向。TS增加可能反映大脑保持稳定性、实现集中注意力的倾向，从而减少“走神”和注意力问题。结果表明，从12岁到18岁，头皮上的大脑TS增加。TS存在较大的个体差异，且具有遗传性。额叶脑区在12岁至14岁以及14岁至16岁之间，TS（阿尔法振荡）的变化具有遗传性。每个时间点大脑TS的绝对水平与注意力问题呈正相关，但不显著。高注意力问题组和低注意力问题组在TS上表现出不同的发育轨迹，在额叶导联的一个簇中具有显著性。这些结果表明，大脑TS发育轨迹是发育中大脑的一个生物标志物。大脑振荡中的TS具有高度遗传性，TS与年龄相关的变化在选定脑区也具有遗传性。这些结果表明，高注意力问题组和低注意力问题组处于大脑发育的不同阶段。
