Bale J S, Hansen T N, Nishino M, Baust J G
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, England.
Cryobiology. 1989 Jun;26(3):285-9. doi: 10.1016/0011-2240(89)90024-2.
Freeze-tolerant third instar larvae of the gallfly Eurosta solidaginis were cooled at 10, 5, 1, and 0.1 degrees C min-1 to -40 degrees C and then warmed to +5 degrees C at 1 degree C min-1. After cooling and warming the larvae were transferred to 21 degrees C and the survival of larvae, success of pupariation, and adult emergence were monitored at daily intervals in comparison to an uncooled control sample. The percentage emergences of flies from larvae cooled at 10, 5, 1, and 0.1 degree C min-1 and in the control were 7, 13, 37, 77, and 67%, respectively. A number of flies in each group emerged with malformed (unextended) wings and an unretracted ptilinum on the head capsule. The percentage emergences of normal flies at the four cooling rates and from the control were 3, 0, 17, 47, and 57%. At 48 hr after exposure all larvae in each treatment were alive. First mortality was observed between 48 and 72 hr after cooling and increased with time at each cooling rate. Mortality was apportioned into four phases of development: larva, pupariation, and early and late pupae. Mortality commenced earlier at the faster cooling rates; at 10 degrees C min-1, 37% of the sample died as larvae and a further 20% failed to complete pupariation, whereas at 0.1 degree C min-1, only 3% died as larvae and 97% formed a puparium.
耐冻的金蝇Eurosta solidaginis三龄幼虫以每分钟10、5、1和0.1摄氏度的速度冷却至-40摄氏度，然后以每分钟1摄氏度的速度升温至+5摄氏度。冷却和升温后，将幼虫转移到21摄氏度，并与未冷却的对照样本相比，每天监测幼虫的存活率、化蛹成功率和成虫羽化情况。以每分钟10、5、1和0.1摄氏度冷却的幼虫以及对照幼虫的羽化蝇百分比分别为7%、13%、37%、77%和67%。每组中有一些蝇羽化时翅膀畸形（未展开），头部胶囊上有未缩回的额囊缝。在四种冷却速率下以及对照中的正常蝇羽化百分比分别为3%、0%、17%、47%和57%。暴露后48小时，各处理中的所有幼虫均存活。首次死亡在冷却后48至72小时之间观察到，并随每种冷却速率下的时间增加。死亡率被分为发育的四个阶段：幼虫、化蛹、早蛹和晚蛹。在较快的冷却速率下，死亡开始得更早；在每分钟10摄氏度时，37%的样本在幼虫期死亡，另有20%未能完成化蛹，而在每分钟0.1摄氏度时，只有3%在幼虫期死亡，97%形成了蛹。
