1 University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
2 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Assessment. 2018 Sep;25(6):744-758. doi: 10.1177/1073191116660381. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
The externalizing spectrum may explain covariation among externalizing disorders observed in childhood and adulthood. Few prospective studies have examined whether externalizing spectrum might manifest differently across time, reporters, and gender during childhood. We used a multitrait, multimethod model with parent and teacher report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and conduct disorder (CD)symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 5 in data from the Fast Track Project, a large multisite trial for children at risk for conduct problems ( n = 754). The externalizing spectrum was stably related to ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 5, with similar contributions from parents and teachers. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were largely supported across time, suggesting that the structure of the externalizing spectrum is stable over time. Configural and partial metric invariance were supported across gender, but scalar invariance was not supported, with intercepts consistently higher for males than for females. Overall, our findings confirm other research that the externalizing spectrum can be observed early in development as covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD, and extend that work to show that it is relatively consistent across time and reporter, but not consistent across gender.
外显谱可能可以解释儿童期和成年期观察到的各种外显障碍之间的共变。很少有前瞻性研究检查过外显谱是否可能在儿童期不同时间、报告者和性别之间表现不同。我们使用多特质、多方法模型,使用父母和教师报告的注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)症状、对立违抗性障碍(ODD)症状和品行障碍(CD)症状,从幼儿园到五年级的数据来自快速轨道项目,这是一项针对有品行问题风险的儿童的大型多地点试验(n=754)。从幼儿园到五年级,外显谱与 ADHD、ODD 和 CD 症状稳定相关,父母和教师的贡献相似。配置、度量和标度不变性在很大程度上得到支持,表明外显谱的结构在时间上是稳定的。配置和部分度量不变性得到支持,但标度不变性没有得到支持,男性的截距始终高于女性。总的来说,我们的研究结果证实了其他研究的结果,即外显谱可以在儿童早期发育中观察到,作为 ADHD、ODD 和 CD 之间的共变,并且扩展了这一工作,表明它在时间和报告者之间相对一致,但在性别之间不一致。
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