Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;54(1):67-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02621.x. Epub 2012 Sep 28.
Childhood behavioral disorders including conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur. Prior twin research shows that common sets of genetic and environmental factors are associated with these various disorders and they form a latent factor called Externalizing. The developmental propensity model posits that CD develops in part from socioemotional dispositions of prosociality, negative emotionality, and daring; and recent research has supported the expected genetic and environmental associations between these dispositions and CD. This study examined the developmental propensity model in relation to the broader Externalizing factor that represents the covariance among behavior disorders in children.
Parents of 686 six- to twelve-year-old twin pairs rated them on symptoms of CD, ADHD, and ODD using the disruptive behavior disorder scale and on prosociality, negative emotionality, and daring using the child and adolescent dispositions scale. A latent factor multivariate Cholesky model was used with each disposition latent factor comprised of respective questionnaire items and the Externalizing factor comprised of symptom dimensions of CD, ADHD inattention, ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity, and ODD.
Results supported the hypothesis that the socioemotional dispositions and the Externalizing factor have genetic factors in common, but there was not a single genetic factor associated with all of the constructs. As expected, nonshared environment factors were shared by the dispositions and externalizing factor but, again, no single nonshared environmental factor was common to all constructs. A shared environmental factor was associated with both negative emotionality and externalizing.
The developmental propensity model was supported and appears to extend to the broader externalizing spectrum of childhood disorders. Socioemotional dispositions of prosociality, negative emotionality, and (to a lesser extent) daring may contribute to the covariation among behavioral disorders and perhaps to their comorbid expression through common sets of primarily genetic but also environmental factors.
儿童行为障碍包括品行障碍（CD）、对立违抗性障碍（ODD）和注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD），通常会同时发生。先前的双胞胎研究表明，共同的遗传和环境因素与这些不同的障碍有关，它们形成了一个称为外化的潜在因素。发展倾向模型假设，CD 的部分发展来自亲社会、负性情绪和大胆的社会情绪倾向；最近的研究支持了这些倾向与 CD 之间预期的遗传和环境关联。本研究考察了发展倾向模型与更广泛的外化因素的关系，外化因素代表了儿童行为障碍之间的协方差。
686 对 6 至 12 岁的双胞胎的父母使用破坏性行为障碍量表对他们的 CD、ADHD 和 ODD 症状进行评分，使用儿童和青少年性格量表对他们的亲社会、负性情绪和大胆进行评分。使用多变量协方差 Cholesky 模型，每个性格潜在因素由相应的问卷项目组成，外化因素由 CD、ADHD 注意力不集中、ADHD 多动/冲动和 ODD 的症状维度组成。
结果支持了以下假设，即社会情绪倾向和外化因素具有共同的遗传因素，但没有一个遗传因素与所有结构都相关。正如预期的那样，非共享环境因素与性格和外化因素共享，但同样，没有一个非共享环境因素与所有结构都共同。一个共享的环境因素与负性情绪和外化因素都有关。
发展倾向模型得到了支持，并且似乎扩展到了更广泛的儿童障碍外化谱。亲社会、负性情绪和（在较小程度上）大胆的社会情绪倾向可能有助于行为障碍的共变，并且可能通过共同的遗传和环境因素组对它们的共病表达产生影响。
