Agbesi Mawuli P K, Borsuk Heather S, Hunt Jeremy N, Maclaine James S, Abel Richard L, Sykes Dan, Ramsey Andrew T, Wang Zhijin, Cox Jonathan P L
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
Jeremy Hunt Design, Unit A6, 66 Norlington Road, London, E10 6LA, UK.
Zoology (Jena). 2016 Dec;119(6):500-510. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.06.008. Epub 2016 Jul 6.
Fishes have several means of moving water to effect odorant transport to their olfactory epithelium ('olfactory flow'). Here we show that olfactory flow in the adult garpike Belone belone (Belonidae, Teleostei), a fish with an unusual nasal region, can be generated by its motion relative to water (swimming, or an external current, or both). We also show how the unusual features of the garpike's nasal region influence olfactory flow. These features comprise a triangular nasal cavity in which the olfactory epithelium is exposed to the external environment, a papilla situated within the nasal cavity, and an elongated ventral apex. To perform our investigation we first generated life-like plastic models of garpike heads from X-ray scans of preserved specimens. We then suspended these models in a flume and flowed water over them to simulate swimming. By directing filaments of dye at the static models, we were able to visualise flow in the nasal regions at physiologically relevant Reynolds numbers (700-2,000). We found that flow of water over the heads did cause circulation in the nasal cavity. Vortices may assist in this circulation. The pattern of olfactory flow was influenced by morphological variations and the asymmetry of the nasal region. The unusual features of the nasal region may improve odorant sampling in the garpike, by dispersing flow over the olfactory epithelium and by creating favourable conditions for odorant transport (e.g. steep velocity gradients). Unexpectedly, we found that the mouth and the base of the garpike's jaws may assist the sampling process. Thus, despite its apparent simplicity, the garpike's nasal region is likely to act as an effective trap for odorant molecules.
鱼类有多种方式移动水流,以实现气味物质向其嗅觉上皮的传输(“嗅觉流”)。在此,我们表明,成年长吻枪鱼(Belone belone,颌针鱼科,硬骨鱼纲)的嗅觉流可由其相对于水的运动(游泳、外部水流或两者皆有)产生,这种鱼具有独特的鼻区。我们还展示了长吻枪鱼鼻区的独特特征如何影响嗅觉流。这些特征包括一个三角形鼻腔,其中嗅觉上皮暴露于外部环境,鼻腔内有一个乳头状突起,以及一个细长的腹侧顶端。为了进行我们的研究,我们首先根据保存标本的X射线扫描生成了逼真的长吻枪鱼头部塑料模型。然后,我们将这些模型悬挂在水槽中,让水从它们上面流过以模拟游泳。通过将染料细丝指向静态模型,我们能够在生理相关的雷诺数(700 - 2000)下可视化鼻区的水流。我们发现,水流过头部确实会导致鼻腔内的循环。涡流可能有助于这种循环。嗅觉流的模式受到形态变化和鼻区不对称性的影响。鼻区的独特特征可能通过在嗅觉上皮上分散水流以及为气味物质传输创造有利条件(例如陡峭的速度梯度)来改善长吻枪鱼的气味物质采样。出乎意料的是,我们发现长吻枪鱼的嘴和颌基部可能有助于采样过程。因此,尽管长吻枪鱼的鼻区看似简单,但它可能是气味分子的有效捕捉器。