Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
Rep Prog Phys. 2016 Sep;79(9):096001. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/096001. Epub 2016 Aug 2.
Recent experimental developments in diverse areas-ranging from cold atomic gases to light-driven semiconductors to microcavity arrays-move systems into the focus which are located on the interface of quantum optics, many-body physics and statistical mechanics. They share in common that coherent and driven-dissipative quantum dynamics occur on an equal footing, creating genuine non-equilibrium scenarios without immediate counterpart in equilibrium condensed matter physics. This concerns both their non-thermal stationary states and their many-body time evolution. It is a challenge to theory to identify novel instances of universal emergent macroscopic phenomena, which are tied unambiguously and in an observable way to the microscopic drive conditions. In this review, we discuss some recent results in this direction. Moreover, we provide a systematic introduction to the open system Keldysh functional integral approach, which is the proper technical tool to accomplish a merger of quantum optics and many-body physics, and leverages the power of modern quantum field theory to driven open quantum systems.
近年来，从冷原子气体到光驱动半导体到微腔阵列等各个领域的实验进展，将系统推向了量子光学、多体物理和统计力学的交叉点。这些系统的共同特点是相干和驱动耗散量子动力学处于同等地位，创造了真正的非平衡态，而在平衡凝聚态物理中没有直接对应的情况。这涉及到它们的非热稳定态和多体时间演化。理论面临的挑战是识别新颖的普遍宏观涌现现象实例，这些实例与微观驱动条件明确而可观测地联系在一起。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了这一方向的一些最新结果。此外，我们还系统地介绍了开放系统凯尔德什泛函积分方法，这是实现量子光学和多体物理融合的适当技术工具，并利用现代量子场论的力量来研究驱动的开放量子系统。
