Lundine Jennifer P, McCauley Rebecca J
Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2016 Aug 1;25(3):306-20. doi: 10.1044/2016_AJSLP-14-0130.
With the adoption of the Common Core State Standards, expository texts gain prominence at all grade levels and for all disciplines. Although the linguistic and cognitive complexities of exposition pose challenges for all children, they may create additional challenges for children and adolescents with language difficulties. Therefore, this tutorial provides background information for clinicians regarding the structure, development, and specific difficulties associated with exposition across the 4 modalities of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This background is intended to help direct the attention of researchers and clinicians to needed advances in knowledge and skill if the profession is to adequately support the population of children and adolescents who struggle with language.
This tutorial is based on an extensive narrative review of articles identified using a systematic search process. Cited research studies are discussed qualitatively, but intervention studies are also characterized in terms of the strength of their research designs. This method is undertaken to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of research on these topics.
Future research needs are proposed to promote discussion among researchers and to prepare clinicians for the kinds of evidence they should be demanding as a basis for their practice.
随着《共同核心州立标准》的采用，说明文在各个年级和所有学科中都变得更加突出。尽管说明文的语言和认知复杂性给所有儿童都带来了挑战，但对于有语言困难的儿童和青少年来说，可能会带来更多挑战。因此，本教程为临床医生提供了有关说明文在听、说、读、写四种模式下的结构、发展以及相关具体困难的背景信息。这一背景旨在帮助引导研究人员和临床医生关注知识和技能方面所需的进展，以便该专业能够充分支持那些在语言方面存在困难的儿童和青少年群体。
本教程基于对通过系统检索过程确定的文章进行的广泛叙述性综述。对引用的研究进行定性讨论，但干预研究也根据其研究设计的强度进行描述。采用这种方法是为了突出当前这些主题研究现状的优点和不足。
提出了未来的研究需求，以促进研究人员之间的讨论，并让临床医生为他们在实践中应要求的证据类型做好准备。
