ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
Deltares, PO Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Dec 1;572:508-519. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.074. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
An emissions inventory for top consumed human pharmaceuticals in Sweden was done based on national consumption data, human metabolic rates and wastewater treatment removal rates. Concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface waters in Swedish river basins were predicted using estimated emissions from the inventory and river discharges. Our findings indicate that the top ten emitted pharmaceuticals in our study set of 54 substances are all emitted in amounts above 0.5ton/y to both surface waters and soils. The highest emissions to water were in decreasing order for Metformin, Furosemide, Gabapentin, Atenolol and Tramadol. Predicted emissions to soils calculated with the knowledge that in Sweden sludge is mostly disposed to soil, point to the highest emissions among the studied drugs coming from, in decreasing order, Metformin, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Gabapentin and Atenolol. Surface water concentrations in Sweden's largest rivers, all located in low density population zones, were found to be below 10ng/L for all substances studied. In contrast, concentrations in surface waters in Stockholm's metropolitan area, the most populous in Sweden, surpassed 100ng/L for four substances: Atenolol, Metformin, Furosemide and Gabapentin.
基于国家消费数据、人体代谢率和废水处理去除率，对瑞典消费的主要人用药进行了排放清单编制。使用清单中的排放量和河流排放量来预测瑞典河流流域地表水中的药物浓度。我们的研究结果表明，在所研究的 54 种物质中，我们研究的十大排放药物在向地表水和土壤排放的量都超过了 0.5 吨/年。对水的最大排放量依次为二甲双胍、呋塞米、加巴喷丁、阿替洛尔和曲马多。根据瑞典污泥主要被处置到土壤的知识，计算出的对土壤的预测排放量表明，在所研究的药物中，排放量最高的依次为二甲双胍、对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬、加巴喷丁和阿替洛尔。在瑞典最大的河流（均位于人口密度较低的地区）中，所有研究物质的地表水中浓度均低于 10ng/L。相比之下，在瑞典人口最多的斯德哥尔摩大都市区的地表水中，有四种物质的浓度超过了 100ng/L：阿替洛尔、二甲双胍、呋塞米和加巴喷丁。
