Carella Mirco, Agell Gemma, Cárdenas Paco, Uriz Maria J
Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala St Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes (Girona), Spain.
Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7208 "BOrEA", Paris, France.
PLoS One. 2016 Aug 24;11(8):e0160718. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160718. eCollection 2016.
Species of Tetillidae are distributed worldwide. However, some genera are unresolved and only a few genera and species of this family have been described from the Antarctic. The incorporation of 25 new COI and 18S sequences of Antarctic Tetillidae to those used recently for assessing the genera phylogeny, has allowed us to improve the resolution of some poorly resolved nodes and to confirm the monophyly of previously identified clades. Classical genera such as Craniella recovered their traditional diagnosis by moving the Antarctic Tetilla from Craniella, where they were placed in the previous family phylogeny, to Antarctotetilla gen. nov. The morphological re-examination of specimens used in the previous phylogeny and their comparison to the type material revealed misidentifications. The proposed monotypic new genus Levantiniella had uncertain phylogenetic relationships depending on the gene partition used [corrected]. Two more clades would require the inclusion of additional species to be formally established as new genera. The parsimony tree based on morphological characters and the secondary structure of the 18S (V4 region) almost completely matched the COI M1-M6 and the COI+18S concatenated phylogenies. Morphological synapomorphies have been identified for the genera proposed. New 15 28S (D3-D5) and 11 COI I3-M11 partitions were exclusively sequenced for the Antarctic species subset. Remarkably, species within the Antarctic genera Cinachyra (C. barbata and C. antarctica) and Antarctotetilla (A. leptoderma, A. grandis, and A. sagitta), which are clearly distinguishable morphologically, were not genetically differentiated with any of the markers assayed. Thus, as it has been reported for other Antarctic sponges, both the mitochondrial and nuclear partitions used did not differentiate species that were well characterized morphologically. Antarctic Tetillidae offers a rare example of genetically cryptic (with the traditional markers used for sponges), morphologically distinct species.
皮海绵科的物种分布于全球。然而，一些属的分类尚未确定，该科只有少数属和物种是来自南极地区的描述。将25条南极皮海绵科新的细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）和18S序列纳入最近用于评估属系统发育的序列中，使我们能够提高一些解析度较差节点的分辨率，并确认先前确定的进化枝的单系性。像Craniella这样的经典属恢复了其传统分类，即将南极的Tetilla从Craniella属移出（在之前的科系统发育中它们被置于该属），归入新的Antarctotetilla属。对先前系统发育中使用的标本进行形态学重新检查，并与模式标本进行比较，发现了错误鉴定。根据所使用的基因分区，提议的单型新属Levantiniella的系统发育关系不确定[已修正]。另外两个进化枝需要纳入更多物种才能正式确立为新属。基于形态特征和18S（V4区域）二级结构的简约树几乎与COI M1 - M6以及COI + 18S串联系统发育完全匹配。已为提议的属确定了形态共衍征。专门为南极物种子集测序了新的15条28S（D3 - D5）和11条COI I3 - M11分区序列。值得注意的是，南极属Cinachyra（C. barbata和C. antarctica）和Antarctotetilla（A. leptoderma、A. grandis和A. sagitta）中的物种，在形态上明显可区分，但在所检测的任何标记中均未出现遗传分化。因此，正如其他南极海绵所报道的那样，所使用的线粒体和核分区均未区分形态特征明显的物种。南极皮海绵科提供了一个罕见的例子，即（使用传统的海绵标记）基因上隐秘、形态上不同的物种。
