Donohue Sarah E, Woldorff Marty G, Hopf Jens-Max, Harris Joseph A, Heinze Hans-Jochen, Schoenfeld Mircea A
Department of Neurology and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2016 Dec;16(6):1114-1126. doi: 10.3758/s13415-016-0457-9.
It has been suggested that over the course of an addiction, addiction-related stimuli become highly salient in the environment, thereby capturing an addict's attention. To assess these effects neurally in smokers, and how they interact with craving, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) in two sessions: one in which participants had just smoked (non-craving), and one in which they had abstained from smoking for 3 h (craving). In both sessions, participants performed a visual-search task in which two colored squares were presented to the left and right of fixation, with one color being the target to which they should shift attention and discriminate the locations of two missing corners. Task-irrelevant images, both smoking-related and non-smoking-related, were embedded in both squares, enabling the shift of spatial attention to the target to be examined as a function of the addiction-related image being present or absent in the target, the distractor, or both. Behaviorally, participants were slower to respond to targets containing a smoking-related image. Furthermore, when the target contained a smoking-related image, the neural responses indicated that attention had been shifted less strongly to the target; when the distractor contained a smoking-related image, the shift of attention to the contralateral target was stronger. These effects occurred independently of craving and suggest that participants were actively avoiding the smoking-related images. Together, these results provide an electrophysiological dissociation between addiction-related visual-stimulus processing and the neural activity associated with craving.
有人提出，在成瘾过程中，与成瘾相关的刺激在环境中变得高度显著，从而吸引成瘾者的注意力。为了从神经学角度评估吸烟者的这些影响，以及它们如何与渴望相互作用，我们在两个阶段记录了脑电图（EEG）：一个阶段是参与者刚吸过烟（无渴望），另一个阶段是他们已经戒烟3小时（有渴望）。在这两个阶段中，参与者都执行了一项视觉搜索任务，其中在注视点的左右两侧呈现两个彩色方块，其中一种颜色是目标，他们应将注意力转移到该目标上，并辨别两个缺失角的位置。与吸烟相关和与非吸烟相关的任务无关图像都嵌入在两个方块中，从而能够根据目标、干扰物或两者中是否存在与成瘾相关的图像来检查空间注意力向目标的转移情况。在行为上，参与者对包含吸烟相关图像的目标的反应较慢。此外，当目标包含吸烟相关图像时，神经反应表明注意力向目标的转移不那么强烈；当干扰物包含吸烟相关图像时，对侧目标的注意力转移更强。这些影响独立于渴望而发生，表明参与者在积极回避与吸烟相关的图像。总之，这些结果提供了与成瘾相关的视觉刺激处理和与渴望相关的神经活动之间的电生理分离。
