Dołęgowska Sabina
Geochemistry and the Environment Division, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Nov;23(22):22623-22632. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7477-4. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
In order to estimate the level of uncertainty arising from sampling, 54 samples (primary and duplicate) of the moss species Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. were collected within three forested areas (Wierna Rzeka, Piaski, Posłowice Range) in the Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland). During the fieldwork, each primary sample composed of 8 to 10 increments (subsamples) was taken over an area of 10 m whereas duplicate samples were collected in the same way at a distance of 1-2 m. Subsequently, all samples were triple rinsed with deionized water, dried, milled, and digested (8 mL HNO (1:1) + 1 mL 30 % HO) in a closed microwave system Multiwave 3000. The prepared solutions were analyzed twice for Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn using FAAS and GFAAS techniques. All datasets were checked for normality and for normally distributed elements (Cu from Piaski, Zn from Posłowice, Fe, Zn from Wierna Rzeka). The sampling uncertainty was computed with (i) classical ANOVA, (ii) classical RANOVA, (iii) modified RANOVA, and (iv) range statistics. For the remaining elements, the sampling uncertainty was calculated with traditional and/or modified RANOVA (if the amount of outliers did not exceed 10 %) or classical ANOVA after Box-Cox transformation (if the amount of outliers exceeded 10 %). The highest concentrations of all elements were found in moss samples from Piaski, whereas the sampling uncertainty calculated with different statistical methods ranged from 4.1 to 22 %.
为了估算采样产生的不确定度水平，在波兰中南部圣十字山脉的三个林区（维尔纳河、皮亚斯基、波斯洛维采山脉）采集了54个多枝藓（Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.）样本（原始样本和重复样本）。在野外工作期间，每个由8至10个增量（子样本）组成的原始样本在10米的区域内采集，而重复样本以相同方式在1至2米的距离处采集。随后，所有样本用去离子水冲洗三次，干燥、研磨，并在密闭微波系统Multiwave 3000中消化（8毫升硝酸（1:1）+1毫升30%过氧化氢）。使用火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GFAAS）对制备好的溶液中的铜、铁、锰和锌进行了两次分析。对所有数据集进行了正态性检验以及对呈正态分布的元素（皮亚斯基的铜、波斯洛维采的锌、维尔纳河的铁和锌）进行了检验。采样不确定度通过以下方法计算：（i）经典方差分析，（ii）经典随机方差分析，（iii）修正随机方差分析，以及（iv）极差统计。对于其余元素，采样不确定度通过传统和/或修正随机方差分析计算（如果异常值数量不超过10%），或者在Box-Cox变换后通过经典方差分析计算（如果异常值数量超过10%）。在皮亚斯基采集的苔藓样本中发现了所有元素的最高浓度，而用不同统计方法计算出的采样不确定度范围为4.1%至22%。
