Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Sleep Med Rev. 2017 Oct;35:8-20. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.005. Epub 2016 Jul 28.
Recent advances in electrophysiological [e.g., surface high-density electroencephalographic (hd-EEG) and intracranial recordings], video-polysomnography (video-PSG), transcranial stimulation and neuroimaging techniques allow more in-depth and more accurate investigation of the neural correlates of dreaming in healthy individuals and in patients with brain-damage, neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disorders or parasomnias. Convergent evidence provided by studies using these techniques in healthy subjects has led to a reformulation of several unresolved issues of dream generation and recall [such as the inter- and intra-individual differences in dream recall and the predictivity of specific EEG rhythms, such as theta in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, for dream recall] within more comprehensive models of human consciousness and its variations across sleep/wake states than the traditional models, which were largely based on the neurophysiology of REM sleep in animals. These studies are casting new light on the neural bases (in particular, the activity of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex regions and hippocampus and amygdala areas) of the inter- and intra-individual differences in dream recall, the temporal location of specific contents or properties (e.g., lucidity) of dream experience and the processing of memories accessed during sleep and incorporated into dream content. Hd-EEG techniques, used on their own or in combination with neuroimaging, appear able to provide further important insights into how the brain generates not only dreaming during sleep but also some dreamlike experiences in waking.
近年来，电生理学（例如，表面高密度脑电图 (hd-EEG) 和颅内记录）、视频多导睡眠图 (video-PSG)、经颅刺激和神经影像学技术的进步，使得对健康个体和脑损伤、神经退行性疾病、睡眠障碍或睡眠障碍患者的梦境的神经相关性进行更深入、更准确的研究成为可能。这些技术在健康受试者中的研究提供的一致证据，导致对梦的产生和回忆的几个未解决的问题进行了重新表述[例如，梦的回忆的个体内和个体间差异，以及特定 EEG 节律的可预测性，例如快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠中的θ波，对于梦的回忆]，这些问题在更全面的人类意识模型中得到了解决，这些模型比传统模型更全面，而传统模型在很大程度上是基于动物 REM 睡眠的神经生理学。这些研究为梦的回忆、特定内容或属性（例如，清醒）的个体内和个体间差异的神经基础（特别是背内侧前额叶皮层区域和海马体和杏仁核区域的活动）、特定内容或属性（例如，清醒）的时间位置提供了新的认识，以及在睡眠中被访问和整合到梦境内容中的记忆的处理。hd-EEG 技术，单独使用或与神经影像学结合使用，似乎能够提供进一步的重要见解，了解大脑不仅如何在睡眠中产生梦境，而且如何在清醒中产生一些类似梦境的体验。
