Touquet Heleen, Gorris Ellen
KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
Independent researcher, Belgium.
Reprod Health Matters. 2016 May;24(47):36-46. doi: 10.1016/j.rhm.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 May 24.
Researchers increasingly acknowledge that men and boys are frequent victims of sexual violence in conflict alongside women and girls, who remain the group that is disproportionately affected. This increasing awareness has contributed to significant efforts to include men and boys in conceptualisations of conflict-related sexual violence in policy as well as in international criminal law. This article analyses the changes that have occurred in these two fields in recent years. We argue that while a major shift towards including male victims in international policy on wartime sexual violence took place in 2013-2014, this development has yet to be consolidated in salient policy guidelines and handbooks. While men and boys' potential victimisation is frequently recognised, most policy documents do not treat the topic of male victimisation in depth. International criminal law on the other hand has pioneered gender-neutral and inclusive definitions. However, the interpretation and application of the gender-inclusive approach is often left to the discretion of judges and the prosecution who at times fail to take the experience of males fully into account, signalling the continuing influence of gender stereotypes and deeply held cultural myths. A renewed effort to fully integrate male victims into conceptualisations of conflict-related sexual violence in both policy and law is therefore advised.
研究人员越来越认识到，在冲突中，男性和男孩与女性和女孩一样，经常成为性暴力的受害者，而女性和女孩仍然是受影响尤为严重的群体。这种认识的提高促使人们做出了重大努力，将男性和男孩纳入政策以及国际刑法中与冲突相关的性暴力的概念范畴。本文分析了近年来这两个领域发生的变化。我们认为，虽然在2013年至2014年期间，在战时性暴力国际政策方面朝着纳入男性受害者的方向发生了重大转变，但这一发展尚未在重要的政策指南和手册中得到巩固。虽然男性和男孩可能成为受害者这一点经常得到认可，但大多数政策文件并未深入探讨男性受害这一话题。另一方面，国际刑法率先提出了性别中立和包容性的定义。然而，性别包容性方法的解释和应用往往由法官和检方自行决定，他们有时未能充分考虑男性的经历，这表明性别刻板印象和根深蒂固的文化观念仍在产生影响。因此，建议再次做出努力，将男性受害者全面纳入政策和法律中与冲突相关的性暴力的概念范畴。
