Grossberg Stephen, Kazerounian Sohrob
Departments of Mathematics, Psychology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Adaptive Systems, Graduate Program in Cognitive and Neural Systems, Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
Nuance Communications, Inc., 1 Wayside Road, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2016 Aug;140(2):1130. doi: 10.1121/1.4946760.
Magnuson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137, 1481-1492 (2015)] makes claims for Interactive Activation (IA) models and against Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) models of speech perception. Magnuson also presents simulations that claim to show that the TRACE model can simulate phonemic restoration, which was an explanatory target of the cARTWORD ART model. The theoretical analysis and review herein show that these claims are incorrect. More generally, the TRACE and cARTWORD models illustrate two diametrically opposed types of neural models of speech and language. The TRACE model embodies core assumptions with no analog in known brain processes. The cARTWORD model defines a hierarchy of cortical processing regions whose networks embody cells in laminar cortical circuits as part of the paradigm of laminar computing. cARTWORD further develops ART speech and language models that were introduced in the 1970s. It builds upon Item-Order-Rank working memories, which activate learned list chunks that unitize sequences to represent phonemes, syllables, and words. Psychophysical and neurophysiological data support Item-Order-Rank mechanisms and contradict TRACE representations of time, temporal order, silence, and top-down processing that exhibit many anomalous properties, including hallucinations of non-occurring future phonemes. Computer simulations of the TRACE model are presented that demonstrate these failures.
马格努森[《美国声学学会杂志》137, 1481 - 1492 (2015)]对交互式激活(IA)模型提出了主张，并反对语音感知的自适应共振理论(ART)模型。马格努森还展示了一些模拟，声称这些模拟表明TRACE模型可以模拟音素恢复，而音素恢复是cARTWORD ART模型的一个解释目标。本文的理论分析和综述表明，这些主张是不正确的。更一般地说，TRACE模型和cARTWORD模型说明了两种截然不同的语音和语言神经模型类型。TRACE模型体现的核心假设在已知的大脑过程中没有类似物。cARTWORD模型定义了一个皮质处理区域层次结构，其网络将层状皮质回路中的细胞作为层状计算范式的一部分。cARTWORD进一步发展了20世纪70年代引入的ART语音和语言模型。它建立在项目-顺序-等级工作记忆的基础上，该记忆激活学习到的列表块，这些块将序列组合起来以表示音素、音节和单词。心理物理学和神经生理学数据支持项目-顺序-等级机制，并与TRACE模型中关于时间、时间顺序、沉默和自上而下处理的表示相矛盾，TRACE模型的这些表示表现出许多异常特性，包括对未出现的未来音素的幻觉。本文展示了TRACE模型的计算机模拟，这些模拟证明了这些缺陷。
