Massaro D W
Cogn Psychol. 1989 Jul;21(3):398-421. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(89)90014-5.
The TRACE model of speech perception (McClelland & Elman, 1986) is contrasted with a fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) (Oden & Massaro, 1978). The central question is how the models account for the influence of multiple sources of information on perceptual judgment. Although the two models can make somewhat similar predictions, the assumptions underlying the models are fundamentally different. The TRACE model is built around the concept of interactive activation, whereas the FLMP is structured in terms of the integration of independent sources of information. The models are tested against test results of an experiment involving the independent manipulation of bottom-up and top-down sources of information. Using a signal detection framework, sensitivity and bias measures of performance can be computed. The TRACE model predicts that top-down influences from the word level influence sensitivity at the phoneme level, whereas the FLMP does not. The empirical results of a study involving the influence of phonological context and segmental information on the perceptual recognition of a speech segment are best described without any assumed changes in sensitivity. To date, not only is a mechanism of interactive activation not necessary to describe speech perception, it is shown to be wrong when instantiated in the TRACE model.
语音感知的TRACE模型（麦克莱兰和埃尔曼，1986年）与感知的模糊逻辑模型（FLMP）（奥登和马萨罗，1978年）形成对比。核心问题是这些模型如何解释多种信息来源对感知判断的影响。尽管这两种模型能做出有些相似的预测，但模型背后的假设却有着根本差异。TRACE模型围绕交互激活的概念构建，而FLMP则依据独立信息源的整合来构建。这些模型通过一项涉及自下而上和自上而下信息源独立操控的实验测试结果进行检验。利用信号检测框架，可以计算出表现的敏感性和偏差度量。TRACE模型预测，来自单词层面的自上而下影响会影响音素层面的敏感性，而FLMP则不然。一项涉及语音语境和音段信息对语音片段感知识别影响的研究的实证结果，在不假设敏感性有任何变化的情况下能得到最佳描述。迄今为止，不仅交互激活机制对于描述语音感知并非必要，而且在TRACE模型中实例化时还被证明是错误的。
