Pediatrics. 2016 Oct;138(4). doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2527. Epub 2016 Sep 6.
The purpose of this statement is to update recommendations for the routine use of seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. The AAP recommends annual seasonal influenza immunization for everyone 6 months and older, including children and adolescents. Highlights for the upcoming 2016-2017 season include the following: 1. Annual universal influenza immunization is indicated with either a trivalent or quadrivalent (no preference) inactivated vaccine.2. The 2016-2017 influenza A (H3N2) vaccine strain differs from that contained in the 2015-2016 seasonal vaccines. The 2016-2017 influenza B vaccine strain (Victoria lineage) included in the trivalent vaccine differs from that contained in the 2015-2016 seasonal trivalent vaccines (Yamagata lineage). a. Trivalent vaccine contains an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus, and a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus (B/Victoria lineage). b. Quadrivalent vaccine contains an additional B virus (B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus [B/Yamagata lineage]).3. Quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) should not be used in any setting during the 2016-2017 influenza season in light of the evidence for poor effectiveness of LAIV4 in recent seasons, particularly against influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses.4. All children with egg allergy can receive influenza vaccine with no additional precautions from those of routine vaccinations.5. All HCP should receive an annual influenza vaccine, a crucial step in preventing influenza and reducing health care-associated influenza infections. Because HCP may care for or live with people at high risk of influenza-related complications, it is especially important for them to get vaccinated annually.6. Pediatricians should attempt to promptly identify children suspected of having influenza for rapid antiviral treatment, when indicated, to reduce morbidity and mortality.
本声明的目的是更新季节性流感疫苗和抗病毒药物在预防和治疗儿童流感方面的常规使用建议。儿科学会（AAP）建议所有 6 个月及以上的人群，包括儿童和青少年，每年接种季节性流感疫苗。即将到来的 2016-2017 年流感季节的重点包括以下内容：
每年普遍接种流感疫苗，采用三价或四价（无偏好）灭活疫苗。
2016-2017 年甲型流感（H3N2）疫苗株与 2015-2016 年季节性疫苗中包含的疫苗株不同。三价疫苗中包含的 2016-2017 年乙型流感（维多利亚系）疫苗株与 2015-2016 年季节性三价疫苗中包含的疫苗株（山形系）不同。
a. 三价疫苗含有 A/加利福尼亚/7/2009（H1N1）pdm09 样病毒、A/香港/4801/2014（H3N2）样病毒和 B/布里斯班/60/2008 样病毒（B/维多利亚系）。
b. 四价疫苗含有另一种 B 病毒（B/普吉岛/3073/2013 样病毒[B/山形系]）。
鉴于最近几个季节 LAIV4 的效果不佳，特别是对甲型流感（H1N1）pdm09 病毒的效果不佳，在 2016-2017 年流感季节，任何情况下都不应使用四价活流感疫苗（LAIV4）。
所有对鸡蛋不过敏的儿童在接受常规疫苗接种时无需采取额外预防措施即可接种流感疫苗。
所有卫生保健工作者（HCP）都应每年接种流感疫苗，这是预防流感和减少与卫生保健相关的流感感染的关键步骤。由于 HCP 可能会照顾或与有流感相关并发症高风险的人生活在一起，因此他们每年接种疫苗尤其重要。
儿科医生应尽快识别出疑似患有流感的儿童，以便在需要时进行快速抗病毒治疗，以降低发病率和死亡率。
