Weinberger Andrea H, Platt Jonathan M, Smith Philip H, Goodwin Renee D
Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY.
Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Mar 1;19(3):373-378. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw221.
Racial/ethnic groups appear to differ on quit success and withdrawal is a key factor in cessation failure, yet little is known about racial/ethnic differences in withdrawal symptoms. This study of US adults examined racial/ethnic differences in current smokers' report of withdrawal symptoms and the relationship between withdrawal symptoms and quitting smoking 3 years later.
Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (Wave 1, 2001-2001; Wave 2, 2004-2005), analyses were conducted on participants who identified as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic; reported current cigarette smoking at Wave 1; and provided smoking status information at Wave 2 (n = 7981). Withdrawal symptoms during past quit attempts were assessed at Wave 1.
Among Wave 1 current smoking adults, non-Hispanic White respondents were more likely than non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic respondents to report experiencing at least one withdrawal symptom, seven out of eight withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal-related discomfort, and withdrawal-related distress (ps < .0001). While withdrawal symptoms were associated with a lower odds of quitting smoking for all groups, a stronger relationship between number of symptoms and lower odds of quitting was evident among non-Hispanic White compared to non-Hispanic Black respondents (interaction β = 0.065, p = .0001). For non-Hispanic White participants, each additional withdrawal symptom was associated with a 6% decrease in the odds of quitting.
Withdrawal symptoms were more commonly reported by non-Hispanic White adults than non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults and appeared to have a greater impact on failure to quit smoking for non-Hispanic White compared to non-Hispanic Black adults.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to use prospective, longitudinal data to examine the relationship between race and withdrawal symptoms and the impact of withdrawal symptoms on quitting smoking among adults in the United States. Non-Hispanic White adults were more likely to report withdrawal symptoms and there was a stronger relationship between greater number of withdrawal symptoms and lower odds of quitting for non-Hispanic White adults compared to non-Hispanic Black adults. Developing a better understanding of racial/ethnic differences in withdrawal and cessation can help to tailor efforts to improve outcomes for smokers in various racial/ethnic groups.
不同种族/族裔群体在戒烟成功率上似乎存在差异，而戒断反应是戒烟失败的关键因素，但关于戒断症状的种族/族裔差异却知之甚少。这项针对美国成年人的研究调查了当前吸烟者报告的戒断症状的种族/族裔差异，以及戒断症状与三年后戒烟之间的关系。
利用全国酒精及相关状况流行病学调查（第一波，2001 - 2001年；第二波，2004 - 2005年）的数据，对那些自我认定为非西班牙裔白人、非西班牙裔黑人或西班牙裔的参与者进行分析；在第一波调查中报告当前吸烟情况；并在第二波调查中提供吸烟状况信息（n = 7981）。在第一波调查中评估过去戒烟尝试期间的戒断症状。
在第一波当前吸烟的成年人中，非西班牙裔白人受访者比非西班牙裔黑人和西班牙裔受访者更有可能报告经历过至少一种戒断症状、八种戒断症状中的七种、与戒断相关的不适以及与戒断相关的困扰（p值均小于0.0001）。虽然戒断症状与所有群体较低的戒烟几率相关，但与非西班牙裔黑人受访者相比，非西班牙裔白人中症状数量与较低戒烟几率之间的关系更为明显（交互作用β = 0.065，p = 0.0001）。对于非西班牙裔白人参与者，每增加一种戒断症状，戒烟几率就会降低6%。
与非西班牙裔黑人和西班牙裔成年人相比，非西班牙裔白人成年人更常报告戒断症状，而且与非西班牙裔黑人成年人相比，戒断症状似乎对非西班牙裔白人戒烟失败的影响更大。
据我们所知，这是第一项使用前瞻性纵向数据来研究种族与戒断症状之间的关系以及戒断症状对美国成年人戒烟影响的研究。非西班牙裔白人成年人更有可能报告戒断症状，而且与非西班牙裔黑人成年人相比，更多的戒断症状与非西班牙裔白人成年人更低的戒烟几率之间存在更强的关系。更好地理解戒断和戒烟方面的种族/族裔差异有助于针对性地做出努力，以改善不同种族/族裔群体吸烟者的戒烟效果。
