Wiggert Nicole, Wilhelm Frank H, Boger Sabrina, Georgii Claudio, Klimesch Wolfgang, Blechert Jens
Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017 Feb 1;12(2):329-339. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw128.
Today's stressors largely arise from social interactions rather than from physical threat. However, the dominant laboratory model of emotional learning relies on physical stimuli (e.g. electric shock) whereas adequate models of social conditioning are missing, possibly due to more subtle and multilayered biobehavioral responses to such stimuli. To fill this gap, we acquired a broad set of measures during conditioning to negative social unconditioned stimuli, also taking into account long-term maintenance of conditioning and inter-individual differences. Fifty-nine healthy participants underwent a classical conditioning task with videos of actors expressing disapproving (US-neg) or neutral (US-neu) statements. Static images of the corresponding actors with a neutral facial expression served as CS+ and CS-, predicting US-neg and US-neu, respectively. Autonomic and facial-muscular measures confirmed differential unconditioned responding whereas experiential CS ratings, event-related potentials, and evoked theta oscillations confirmed differential conditioned responding. Conditioning was maintained at 1 month and 1 year follow-ups on experiential ratings, especially in individuals with elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms, documenting the efficiency of social conditioning and its clinical relevance. This novel, ecologically improved conditioning paradigm uncovered a remarkably efficient multi-layered social learning mechanism that may represent a risk factor for anxiety and depression.
如今的压力源主要源于社交互动，而非身体威胁。然而，情绪学习的主流实验室模型依赖于身体刺激（如电击），而缺失适当的社会条件作用模型，这可能是由于对这类刺激存在更微妙和多层次的生物行为反应。为填补这一空白，我们在对负面社会无条件刺激进行条件作用的过程中获取了一系列广泛的测量数据，同时也考虑到条件作用的长期维持以及个体间差异。59名健康参与者参与了一项经典条件作用任务，任务中呈现演员表达不赞成（US-neg）或中性（US-neu）陈述的视频。相应演员面部表情中性的静态图像分别作为CS+和CS-，分别预测US-neg和US-neu。自主神经和面部肌肉测量结果证实了无条件反应的差异，而体验性CS评分、事件相关电位和诱发的θ振荡证实了条件反应的差异。在1个月和1年的随访中，体验性评分方面的条件作用得以维持，尤其是在焦虑和抑郁症状较高的个体中，这证明了社会条件作用的有效性及其临床相关性。这种新颖的、生态上有所改进的条件作用范式揭示了一种非常有效的多层次社会学习机制，该机制可能是焦虑和抑郁的一个风险因素。
