Toyne J Marla, Church Warren B, Luis Coronado Tello Jose, Morales Gamarra Ricardo
University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, 31907.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2017 Jan;162(1):51-72. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23085. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
Inca imperial strategies of political and territorial expansion varied across conquered regions depending on local ecology and cultural resistance, and Chachapoya peoples in Peru's forested northeastern Andes were renowned for their rebellions against the invaders. The cliff tombs of Los Pinchudos (AD 1470-1535) present opportunities to use stable isotopes to: (1) explore dietary and mobility patterns from a mortuary community interred at a site attributed to the poorly-known Chachapoya culture during the period of Inca domination, and (2) explore the origins of the individuals as either local or foreign (Inca). Using biochemical tracers, we can help resolve the impact of foreign influence and changes in population and social structure during imperial occupation.
While it is difficult to reconstruct individual life histories from incomplete skeletons, stable isotopic analysis of multiple skeletal tissues provides a direct means of characterizing diet and residential mobility. Values of stable carbon (δ C), nitrogen (δ N), and oxygen isotope (δ O) ratios were determined in bone and dentine collagen and bone and enamel carbonate from 28 samples (11 paired tissues) from males, females, and juveniles from Los Pinchudos.
Dietary signatures are consistent with a mixed but more C -based plant and protein-based diet with moderate proportions of terrestrial animals. Oxygen isotopic values demonstrate limited variation between paired tissues, with a few possible nonlocal individuals buried in one particular tomb at the site. Compared to other Andean areas that underwent imperial domination, these data do not demonstrate expected dietary shifts.
These are the first isotopic data from a Chachapoya site and our research shows evidence for minimal non-local presence in this commingled burial assemblage. The regional diet reconstructed at Los Pinchudos (2850 masl) focused on resources of higher altitude tuber crops, beans, and grains (C ) and terrestrial protein rather than on lower elevation grasses such as maize (C ) as in other highland Andean regions under Inca control. During imperial domination, inhabitants of this region appropriated Inca materials goods but continued to construct tombs in the local manner even though a potentially diverse population was occupying them.
印加帝国的政治和领土扩张策略因被征服地区的当地生态和文化抵抗情况而异，秘鲁东北部多森林的安第斯山脉地区的查查波亚人以反抗入侵者而闻名。洛斯平丘多斯的悬崖墓葬（公元1470 - 1535年）为利用稳定同位素提供了机会，以：（1）从一个埋葬群体的饮食和流动模式进行探索，该群体埋葬于印加统治时期一个归因于鲜为人知的查查波亚文化的遗址，以及（2）探究个体是本地还是外来（印加）的起源。使用生化示踪剂，我们可以帮助解决帝国占领期间外来影响以及人口和社会结构变化的影响。
虽然从不完整的骨骼重建个体生活史很困难，但对多个骨骼组织进行稳定同位素分析提供了一种直接表征饮食和居住流动性的方法。对来自洛斯平丘多斯的28个样本（11对组织）的男性、女性和青少年的骨和牙本质胶原蛋白以及骨和牙釉质碳酸盐中的稳定碳（δC）、氮（δN）和氧同位素（δO）比值进行了测定。
饮食特征与混合但以碳基植物和蛋白质为主的饮食一致，陆地动物比例适中。氧同位素值表明成对组织之间变化有限，该遗址的一个特定墓葬中埋葬了一些可能非本地的个体。与其他经历帝国统治的安第斯地区相比，这些数据并未显示出预期的饮食变化。
这些是来自查查波亚遗址的首批同位素数据，我们的研究表明在这个混合埋葬组合中极少有非本地存在的证据。在洛斯平丘多斯（海拔2850米）重建的区域饮食以高海拔块茎作物、豆类和谷物（碳4）以及陆地蛋白质资源为主，而不像印加控制下的其他安第斯高地地区那样以低海拔的草类如玉米（碳3）为主。在帝国统治期间，该地区居民获取了印加的物质商品，但即使有潜在的多样化人群居住，仍继续以当地方式建造墓葬。
