Cerqueira-Coutinho Cristal, Dos Santos Elisabete P, Mansur Claudia Regina E
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Macromolecules, Center of Technology, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento Galenico (LADEG), Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2016;33(2):195-212. doi: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016016167.
Nanosystems used in the pharmaceutical field aim to guarantee a controlled release and efficacy boost with dose reduction of the drug. The same active ingredient could be vehiculated in different concentrations in distinct nanosystems. Among these nanostructures, the vesicular ones present a versatile delivery system that could be applied to encapsulate lipophilic, amphiphilic, and hydrophilic compounds. Liposomes are the most well-known vesicular nanosystems; however, there are others, such as niosomes, that are composed of nonionic surfactants that are polymeric or conventional. Niosomes could be prepared using the thin film hydration method, in which the active ingredient is solubilized in organic solvent with the surfactant or in aqueous solution depending on its polarity. In addition, co-surfactants could be used to improve stabilization and vesicle integrity because they occupy regions in the interface where the mainly surfactant could not reach. Vesicular nanosystems could be characterized by different techniques, such as microscopy, dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and others. These nanostructures could be applied to drugs (administered by different routes) or to gene and cosmetic delivery systems.
制药领域中使用的纳米系统旨在通过减少药物剂量来保证药物的控释和疗效提升。相同的活性成分可以以不同浓度载于不同的纳米系统中。在这些纳米结构中，囊泡状纳米结构呈现出一种通用的递送系统，可用于包封亲脂性、两亲性和亲水性化合物。脂质体是最著名的囊泡状纳米系统；然而，还有其他一些，如非离子表面活性剂囊泡，它们由聚合或常规的非离子表面活性剂组成。非离子表面活性剂囊泡可以采用薄膜水化法制备，根据活性成分的极性，将其溶解在含有表面活性剂的有机溶剂中或水溶液中。此外，助表面活性剂可用于提高稳定性和囊泡完整性，因为它们占据了主要表面活性剂无法到达的界面区域。囊泡状纳米系统可以通过不同技术进行表征，如显微镜、动态光散射、核磁共振等。这些纳米结构可应用于药物（通过不同途径给药）或基因及化妆品递送系统。
