Gworek Barbara, Bemowska-Kałabun Olga, Kijeńska Marta, Wrzosek-Jakubowska Justyna
Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
Water Air Soil Pollut. 2016;227(10):371. doi: 10.1007/s11270-016-3060-3. Epub 2016 Sep 7.
Mercury contamination in water has been an issue to the environment and human health. In this article, mercury in marine and oceanic waters has been reviewed. In the aquatic environment, mercury occurs in many forms, which depend on the oxidation-reduction conditions. These forms have been briefly described in this article. Mercury concentrations in marine waters in the different parts of the world have been presented. In the relevant literature, two models describing the fate and behavior of mercury in saltwater reservoirs have been presented, a conceptual model which treats all the oceans as one ocean and the "ocean margin" model, providing that the ocean margins manifested themselves as the convergence of continents and oceans, covering such geological features, such as estuaries, inland seas, and the continental shelf. These two conceptual models have been summarized in the text. The mercury content in benthic sediments usually reflects is level in the water reservoir, particularly in reservoirs situated in contaminated areas (mines, metallurgical plants, chemically protected crops). The concentrations of mercury and its compounds determined in the sediments in surface waters in the different parts of the world have been presented. Due to the fact that the pollution caused by mercury is a serious threat for the marine environment, the short paragraph about mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms has been included. The cited data demonstrated a large scatter of mercury contents both between the fish species and the water areas. Mathematical models, valuable tools which provide information about the possible responses of ecosystems, developed to simulate mercury emissions, both at a small scale, for local water reservoirs, and at a global scale, as well as to model mercury bioaccumulation in the chain web of aquatic systems have been described.
水中的汞污染一直是环境和人类健康面临的一个问题。本文对海洋水体中的汞进行了综述。在水生环境中，汞以多种形式存在，这取决于氧化还原条件。本文已对这些形式进行了简要描述。给出了世界不同地区海水中的汞浓度。在相关文献中，提出了两种描述汞在咸水储库中的归宿和行为的模型，一种概念模型将所有海洋视为一个整体，另一种是“海洋边缘”模型，前提是海洋边缘表现为大陆和海洋的交汇处，涵盖河口、内海和大陆架等地质特征。文中对这两种概念模型进行了总结。底栖沉积物中的汞含量通常反映了水体中的汞含量水平，特别是在受污染地区（矿山、冶金厂、化学防护作物种植区）的水体中。给出了世界不同地区地表水沉积物中汞及其化合物的测定浓度。由于汞造成的污染对海洋环境构成严重威胁，因此包含了关于汞在水生生物中生物累积的简短段落。引用的数据表明，鱼类物种和水域之间的汞含量差异很大。描述了数学模型，这是提供有关生态系统可能反应信息的宝贵工具，已开发用于模拟局部水体小规模和全球范围内的汞排放，以及模拟水生系统食物链网中的汞生物累积。
