Khorashad Behzad S, Aghili Zahra, Kreukels Baudewijntje P C, Hiradfar Mehran, Roshan Ghasem M, Afkhamizadeh Mozhgan, Abbaszadegan Mohammad Reza, Ghaemi Nosrat, Khazai Behnaz, Cohen-Kettenis P T
Evolution and Human Behavior Group, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
J Sex Med. 2016 Nov;13(11):1629-1641. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.09.011. Epub 2016 Sep 29.
Few studies exist on the psychosexual outcome of homogeneous groups of individuals with 5α-reductase deficiency type 2 (5α-RD-2) and the relation between gender changes and parental hostile and benevolent sexism, which are two components of ambivalent sexism that assume a stereotypical approach toward women in an overtly negative way or a chivalrous, seemingly positive way.
To report on the psychosexual outcome of individuals with 5α-RD-2 and to investigate its relation to the level of parental sexism in a relatively large sample of Iranians with 5α-RD-2.
Twenty participants (mean age = 19.5 years, SD = 6.345) with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of 5α-RD-2 who were assigned the female gender at birth and raised as female were included in the study. Participants and their parents were interviewed and their medical records were assessed. Parents also completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), which includes hostile and benevolent sexism subscales.
Psychosexual outcome and parental hostile and benevolent sexism measurements.
Twelve of 20 participants (60%) were diagnosed with gender identity disorder not otherwise specified (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision). Ten of these transitioned to the male gender. The other 10 participants (50%), including the two diagnosed with gender identity disorder not otherwise specified, continued living in a female gender role. When comparing the ASI subscale scores between families of participants who changed their gender and those who did not, no significant difference was found for ASI total and hostile sexism scores, but there was a difference for benevolent sexism (P = .049): those whose daughters had changed their gender had higher benevolent sexism scores.
The high prevalence of gender change and gender dysphoria reported in the literature was confirmed in this relatively large and homogeneous sample of Iranians with 5-α-RD-2 raised as female. Prenatal exposure to testosterone is hypothesized to play a role in the development of gender identity and sexual orientation, but parental attitudes also might be important. Although gender change in individuals with 5-α-RD-2 is often attributed to high levels of hostile sexism in some cultures, our findings show this to be associated with benevolent sexism.
关于2型5α-还原酶缺乏症（5α-RD-2）的同质个体的性心理结果，以及性别转变与父母的敌意和善意性别歧视之间的关系的研究很少。敌意和善意性别歧视是矛盾性别歧视的两个组成部分，它们以一种明显负面的刻板方式或一种看似积极的骑士方式对女性采取刻板态度。
报告5α-RD-2个体的性心理结果，并在一个相对较大的伊朗5α-RD-2样本中调查其与父母性别歧视程度的关系。
本研究纳入了20名参与者（平均年龄 = 19.5岁，标准差 = 6.345），他们经分子确诊为5α-RD-2，出生时被指定为女性并作为女性抚养。对参与者及其父母进行了访谈，并评估了他们的病历。父母还完成了矛盾性别歧视量表（ASI），该量表包括敌意和善意性别歧视分量表。
性心理结果以及父母的敌意和善意性别歧视测量。
20名参与者中有12名（60%）被诊断为未特定的性别认同障碍（《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版，修订版）。其中10人转变为男性。其他10名参与者（50%），包括两名被诊断为未特定的性别认同障碍的参与者，继续以女性角色生活。在比较性别转变参与者家庭和未转变参与者家庭的ASI分量表得分时，ASI总分和敌意性别歧视得分没有显著差异，但善意性别歧视得分存在差异（P = 0.049）：女儿转变性别的家庭的善意性别歧视得分更高。
在这个相对较大且同质的、作为女性抚养的伊朗5-α-RD-2样本中，证实了文献中报道的性别转变和性别焦虑的高患病率。产前暴露于睾酮被认为在性别认同和性取向的发展中起作用，但父母的态度也可能很重要。尽管在某些文化中，5-α-RD-2个体的性别转变通常归因于高水平的敌意性别歧视，但我们的研究结果表明这与善意性别歧视有关。
