Monasterio Erik, Mei-Dan Omer, Hackney Anthony C, Lane Amy R, Zwir Igor, Rozsa Sandor, Cloninger C Robert
University of Otago, Hillmorton Hospital, Private Bag, 4733, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado, CU Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
Physiol Behav. 2016 Dec 1;167:289-297. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.025. Epub 2016 Sep 29.
This is the first report of the psychobiology of stress in BASE jumpers, one of the most dangerous forms of extreme sport. We tested the hypotheses that indicators of emotional style (temperament) predict salivary cortisol reactivity, whereas indicators of intentional goal-setting (persistence and character) predict salivary alpha-amylase reactivity during BASE jumping. Ninety-eight subjects completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) the day before the jump, and 77 also gave salivary samples at baseline, pre-jump on the bridge over the New River Gorge, and post-jump upon landing. Overall BASE jumpers are highly resilient individuals who are highly self-directed, persistent, and risk-taking, but they are heterogeneous in their motives and stress reactivity in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) stress system (cortisol reactivity) and the sympathetic arousal system (alpha-amylase reactivity). Three classes of jumpers were identified using latent class analysis based on their personality profiles, prior jumping experience, and levels of cortisol and alpha-amylase at all three time points. "Masterful" jumpers (class 1) had a strong sense of self-directedness and mastery, extensive prior experience, and had little alpha-amylase reactivity and average cortisol reactivity. "Trustful" jumpers (class 2) were highly cooperative and trustful individuals who had little cortisol reactivity coincident with the social support they experienced prior to jumping. "Courageous" jumpers (class 3) were determined despite anxiety and inexperience, and they had high sympathetic reactivity but average cortisol activation. We conclude that trusting social attachment (Reward Dependence) and not jumping experience predicted low cortisol reactivity, whereas persistence (determination) and not jumping experience predicted high alpha-amylase reactivity.
这是关于定点跳伞者应激心理生物学的首份报告，定点跳伞是最危险的极限运动形式之一。我们检验了以下假设：情绪风格（气质）指标可预测唾液皮质醇反应性，而意向性目标设定（毅力和性格）指标可预测定点跳伞过程中的唾液α-淀粉酶反应性。98名受试者在跳伞前一天完成了气质与性格问卷（TCI），77名受试者还在基线期、在新河峡谷大桥上跳伞前以及着陆后跳伞后提供了唾液样本。总体而言，定点跳伞者是高度有复原力的个体，他们高度自主、有毅力且敢于冒险，但他们在动机以及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）应激系统（皮质醇反应性）和交感神经唤醒系统（α-淀粉酶反应性）的应激反应性方面存在异质性。基于他们的性格特征、先前的跳伞经验以及在所有三个时间点的皮质醇和α-淀粉酶水平，通过潜在类别分析确定了三类跳伞者。“熟练型”跳伞者（第1类）有强烈的自主和掌控感，有丰富的先前经验，α-淀粉酶反应性低且皮质醇反应性中等。“信任型”跳伞者（第2类）是高度合作且值得信任的个体，他们在跳伞前获得社会支持的同时皮质醇反应性低。“勇敢型”跳伞者（第3类）尽管焦虑且缺乏经验但意志坚定，他们有高交感反应性但皮质醇激活水平中等。我们得出结论，信任社会依恋（奖赏依赖）而非跳伞经验可预测低皮质醇反应性，而毅力（决心）而非跳伞经验可预测高α-淀粉酶反应性。
