Effects of first-row transition metals and impregnation ratios on the physicochemical properties of microwave-assisted activated carbons from wood biomass.

First-row transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) were successfully used in the preparation of activated carbons from wood biomass via microwave-assisted irradiation. Physical-chemical properties of the produced materials (MWAC) were studied by nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves, SEM, FTIR, UV-vis DRS and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, TGA/DTG, pH, hydrophobic properties, and total acidity and basicity groups. Results showed that the metals were bound successfully in different amounts with surface functional groups of the wood biomass through ion exchange and surface complexation interaction during the impregnation step. Zn and Cu formed the most complexes. MWAC impregnated with Zn showed higher pore volumes and surface areas, followed by Cu, Co and Ni, independently of the ratio used. As the metal : biomass ratio was increased from 0.5 to 2, the surface area of MWAC increased from 300 to 620mg for Co-MC, 260 to 381mg for Ni-MC, 449 to 765mg for Cu-MC and from 572 to 1780mg for Zn-MC. The samples showed high values of carbon contents and oxygen-containing groups. An adsorption experiment revealed that samples prepared using ZnCl showed the highest sorption capacities (q) for the tested adsorbates, followed by CuCl, CoCl and NiCl. These results matched with the surface areas and pore volumes trends, which were found to follow atomic number and melting point trends-Ni(II)<Co(II)<Cu(II)<Zn(II), rather than the Irving-Williams Series. The sorption capacities (q) of molecules followed this order: 2-nitro phenol>bisphenol A>hydroquinone>4-nitro phenol>2-naphtol>paracetamol>caffeine>resorcinol.