Exploring the Biological Effects of Anti-Diabetic Vanadium Compounds in the Liver, Heart and Brain.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and diabetes-related complications is rapidly increasing worldwide, placing a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems. Approximately 537 million adults are currently diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes globally. However, interestingly, the increasing morbidity rate is primarily influenced by the effects of long-term hyperglycemia on vital organs such as the brain, the liver and the heart rather than the ability of the body to use glucose effectively. This can be attributed to the summation of the detrimental effects of excessive glucose on major vascular systems and the harmful side effects attributed to the current treatment associated with managing the disease. These drugs have been implicated in the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, hepatocyte injury and cognitive dysfunction, thereby warranting extensive research into alternative treatment strategies. Literature has shown significant progress in utilizing metal-based compounds, specifically those containing transition metals such as zinc, magnesium and vanadium, in managing hyperglycaemia. Amongst these metals, research carried out on vanadium reflected the most promising anti-diabetic efficacy in cell culture and animal studies. This was attributed to the ability to improve glucose management in the bloodstream by enhancing its uptake and metabolism in the kidney, brain, skeletal muscle, heart and liver. Despite this, organic vanadium was considered toxic due to its accumulative characteristics. To alleviate vanadium's toxic nature while subsequently manipulating its therapeutic properties, vanadium complexes were synthesized using either vanadate or vanadyl as a base compound. This review attempts to evaluate organic vanadium salts' therapeutic and toxic effects, highlight vanadium complexes' research and provide insight into the novel dioxidovanadium complex synthesized in our laboratory to alleviate hyperglycaemia-associated macrovascular complications in the brain, heart and liver.