Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Department of Global Change Research, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (UIB-CSIC), Miguel Marqués, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain.
Environ Int. 2017 Jan;98:62-68. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.024. Epub 2016 Oct 4.
Given the large numbers of sunbathers on beaches, sunscreen compounds are being released into the coastal aquatic environment in significant amounts. Until now the effect of these potential pollutants on microbiota has been not well-known. Phytoplankton is a key component of the microbiota community. It forms the basis of the aquatic trophic networks, and any change in the natural population of phytoplankton can affect the structure of aquatic biota. This paper describes an experiment performed outdoors (in natural sunlight conditions including ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and with UVR blocked) on mixed microalgae populations (four species from different key marine taxonomic groups, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Chaetoceros gracilis, Pleurochrysis roscoffensis and Amphidinium carterae), for three days, exposed to a range of concentrations of three commercial sunscreens (with variable TiO concentrations: highest concentration for sunscreen C, followed by sunscreen A; and sunscreen B did not contain TiO in its composition). With regard to UVR effect, in the absence of sunscreens, the most sensitive species is the centric diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis, and the least is Nannochloropsis gaditana; this last species presented the same behavior in the absence of UVR and with high sunscreen concentrations. The toxicity gradient obtained for sunscreens and nanoparticles under UVR is: TiO NPs>Sunscreen C>Sunscreen A>Sunscreen B. The differential sensitivity of microalgae to sunscreens and TiO NPs can produce a change in the dynamics of phytoplankton populations and provoke undesirable ecological effects (such as giving dinoflagellates more prominence). The effects of UVR, commonly neglected in bioassays, could alter the results in important ways and should be considered when performing environmentally-relevant bioassays. The toxicity mediated by hydrogen peroxide production associated with the concentration of TiO NPs cannot be considered the only factor responsible for the toxicity: the organic compounds in the sunscreens must also be taken into account.
鉴于海滩上有大量的日光浴者，防晒霜化合物正以大量的数量被释放到沿海水生环境中。直到现在，这些潜在污染物对微生物群的影响还不为人知。浮游植物是微生物群群落的一个关键组成部分。它构成了水生营养网络的基础，浮游植物自然种群的任何变化都可能影响水生生物的结构。本文描述了在户外（包括紫外线辐射（UVR）和 UVR 阻断的自然光条件下）进行的一项实验，实验对象是混合微藻种群（来自不同关键海洋分类群的四种，即 Nannochloropsis gaditana、Chaetoceros gracilis、Pleurochrysis roscoffensis 和 Amphidinium carterae），实验时间为三天，微藻暴露在三种市售防晒霜（TiO 浓度不同：防晒霜 C 的浓度最高，其次是防晒霜 A；防晒霜 B 不含 TiO）的一系列浓度下。关于 UVR 效应，在没有防晒霜的情况下，最敏感的物种是中心硅藻 Chaetoceros gracilis，最不敏感的是 Nannochloropsis gaditana；在没有 UVR 和高防晒霜浓度的情况下，最后一种物种表现出相同的行为。在 UVR 下，防晒霜和纳米粒子的毒性梯度为：TiO NPs＞防晒霜 C＞防晒霜 A＞防晒霜 B。微藻对防晒霜和 TiO NPs 的敏感性差异可能会改变浮游植物种群的动态，并引发不良的生态影响（例如使鞭毛藻类更加突出）。在生物测定中通常被忽视的 UVR 效应可能会以重要的方式改变结果，因此在进行与环境相关的生物测定时应考虑到这一点。与 TiO NPs 浓度相关的过氧化氢产生介导的毒性不能被认为是毒性的唯一因素：防晒霜中的有机化合物也必须考虑在内。
