Pearse D E
Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, U.S.A.
J Fish Biol. 2016 Dec;89(6):2697-2716. doi: 10.1111/jfb.13168. Epub 2016 Oct 9.
As highlighted by many of the papers in this issue, research on the genomic basis of adaptive phenotypic variation in natural populations has made spectacular progress in the past few years, largely due to the advances in sequencing technology and analysis. Without question, the resulting genomic data will improve the understanding of regions of the genome under selection and extend knowledge of the genetic basis of adaptive evolution. What is far less clear, but has been the focus of active discussion, is how such information can or should transfer into conservation practice to complement more typical conservation applications of genetic data. Before such applications can be realized, the evolutionary importance of specific targets of selection relative to the genome-wide diversity of the species as a whole must be evaluated. The key issues for the incorporation of adaptive genomic variation in conservation and management are discussed here, using published examples of adaptive genomic variation associated with specific phenotypes in salmonids and other taxa to highlight practical considerations for incorporating such information into conservation programmes. Scenarios are described in which adaptive genomic data could be used in conservation or restoration, constraints on its utility and the importance of validating inferences drawn from new genomic data before applying them in conservation practice. Finally, it is argued that an excessive focus on preserving the adaptive variation that can be measured, while ignoring the vast unknown majority that cannot, is a modern twist on the adaptationist programme that Gould and Lewontin critiqued almost 40 years ago.
正如本期许多论文所强调的，过去几年里，关于自然种群适应性表型变异的基因组基础的研究取得了惊人进展，这很大程度上归功于测序技术和分析方法的进步。毫无疑问，由此产生的基因组数据将增进我们对受选择的基因组区域的理解，并扩展对适应性进化遗传基础的认识。然而，目前还远不清楚，但一直是积极讨论焦点的是，此类信息如何能够或应该转化为保护实践，以补充遗传数据在更典型的保护应用中的作用。在实现此类应用之前，必须评估相对于整个物种的全基因组多样性而言，特定选择目标的进化重要性。本文讨论了在保护和管理中纳入适应性基因组变异的关键问题，利用已发表的与鲑科鱼类及其他分类群中特定表型相关的适应性基因组变异实例，来突出将此类信息纳入保护计划的实际考虑因素。文中描述了适应性基因组数据可用于保护或恢复的情景、其效用的限制以及在将从新的基因组数据得出的推论应用于保护实践之前进行验证的重要性。最后，有人认为，过度关注保护可测量的适应性变异，而忽略绝大多数无法测量的未知变异，是古尔德和列万廷近40年前所批判的适应主义纲领的一种现代变体。
