Vanthomme Hadrien P A, Tobi Elie, Todd Angelique F, Korte Lisa, Alonso Alfonso
Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Calle Libertadores 215, San Isidro Lima 27, Peru.
Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, B.P. 48, Gamba, Gabon.
Conserv Biol. 2017 Jun;31(3):696-706. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12854. Epub 2016 Nov 14.
Unsustainable hunting outside protected areas is threatening tropical biodiversity worldwide and requires conservationists to engage increasingly in antipoaching activities. Following the example of ecocertified logging companies, we argue that other extractive industries managing large concessions should engage in antipoaching activities as part of their environmental management plans. Onshore hydrocarbon concessions should also adopt antipoaching protocols as a standard because they represent a biodiversity threat comparable to logging. We examined the spatiotemporal patterns of small- and large-mammal poaching in an onshore oil concession in Gabon, Central Africa, with a Bayesian occupancy model based on signs of poaching collected from 2010 to 2015 on antipoaching patrols. Patrol locations were initially determined based on local intelligence and past patrol successes (adaptive management) and subsequently with a systematic sampling of the concession. We generated maps of poaching probability in the concession and determined the temporal trends of this threat over 5 years. The spatiotemporal patterns of large- and small-mammal poaching differed throughout the concession, and likely these groups will need different management strategies. By elucidating the relationship between site-specific sampling effort and detection probability, the Bayesian method allowed us to set goals for future antipoaching patrols. Our results indicate that a combination of systematic sampling and adaptive management data is necessary to infer spatiotemporal patterns with the statistical method we used. On the basis of our case study, we recommend hydrocarbon companies interested in implementing efficient antipoaching activities in their onshore concessions to lay the foundation of long-needed industry standards by: adequately measuring antipoaching effort; mixing adaptive management and balanced sampling; setting goals for antipoaching effort; pairing patrols with large-mammal monitoring; supporting antipoaching patrols across the landscape; restricting access to their concessions; performing random searches for bushmeat and mammal products at points of entry; controlling urban and agricultural expansion; supporting bushmeat alternatives; and supporting land-use planning.
保护区外不可持续的狩猎行为正威胁着全球热带地区的生物多样性，这就要求自然资源保护主义者更多地参与到反偷猎活动中。以获得生态认证的伐木公司为榜样，我们认为，其他经营大片特许区域的采掘业应将反偷猎活动纳入其环境管理计划。陆上油气特许区域也应将反偷猎协议作为标准采用，因为它们对生物多样性造成的威胁与伐木相当。我们利用基于2010年至2015年在反偷猎巡逻中收集到的偷猎迹象的贝叶斯占有率模型，研究了中非加蓬一个陆上石油特许区域内小型和大型哺乳动物偷猎的时空模式。巡逻地点最初是根据当地情报和以往巡逻的成功经验（适应性管理）确定的，随后对特许区域进行了系统抽样。我们绘制了特许区域内偷猎概率图，并确定了这一威胁在5年中的时间趋势。整个特许区域内大型和小型哺乳动物偷猎的时空模式各不相同，很可能这些群体需要不同的管理策略。通过阐明特定地点的抽样努力与检测概率之间的关系，贝叶斯方法使我们能够为未来的反偷猎巡逻设定目标。我们的结果表明，要想用我们所使用的统计方法推断时空模式，系统抽样和适应性管理数据相结合是必要的。基于我们的案例研究，我们建议有兴趣在其陆上特许区域实施有效反偷猎活动的油气公司通过以下方式奠定长期以来所需的行业标准基础：充分衡量反偷猎努力；将适应性管理与均衡抽样相结合；设定反偷猎努力目标；将巡逻与大型哺乳动物监测相结合；支持整个区域的反偷猎巡逻；限制进入其特许区域；在入境点对丛林肉和哺乳动物产品进行随机搜查；控制城市和农业扩张；支持丛林肉替代品；以及支持土地利用规划。
