Centro de Tecnologías Ambientales (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile.
Centro de Tecnologías Ambientales (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jan 1;575:146-151. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.198. Epub 2016 Oct 10.
There is a current tendency to develop and apply environmentally friendly techniques that meet the requirements of green analytical chemistry as an alternative to conventional analytical methods. For toxicity evaluation, these alternatives may be found in bioassays such as Tradescantia. This technique, developed in the 1980s, is highly sensitive to evaluate environmental mutagens, simple and cheap. In this paper, the sensibility of both the Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay (Trad-MCN) and the Tradescantia stamen hair bioassay (Trad-SH) were studied for carbaryl, dimethoate and iprodione, common agricultural and domestic pesticides that are currently used in Chile, which have never been tested with such bioassays. Biomonitor exposures were performed by capillary absorption for each individual pesticide over a wide range of concentrations, from maximum residue limits (trace levels) up to the application dose in agricultural fields. In addition, the organochloride 4,4'-DDE was included but only in the concentration range from 0.01mgL to 1mgL, mimicking residue concentrations since it is not a commercial product but, rather, the main breakdown product of the persistent organochloride pesticide 4,4-DDT, whose use was discontinued in Chile in the 1980s. The Trad-MCN bioassay revealed a significant increase in micronucleus frequency at the early tetrads of meiotic pollen mother cells of the biomonitor Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea, induced by 4,4'-DDE (for 1mgL), dimethoate (for 40mgL, 200mgL, 400mg/L) and carbaryl (for 889mgL). Iprodione did not generate any significant change at the tested concentration. Meanwhile, the Trad-SH bioassay was carried out by analysis of the phenotype variations of the stamen hair cells of the Tradescantia clone KU-20 for the same pesticides and doses. This bioassay was not sufficiently sensitive for toxicity evaluation of most of the pesticides tested, with exception of dimethoate in low doses (2 and 5mg/L).
目前有一种趋势，即用符合绿色分析化学要求的环保技术来替代传统分析方法。对于毒性评估，可以在生物测定中找到这些替代方法，例如紫露草。该技术于 20 世纪 80 年代开发，对评估环境诱变剂非常敏感，简单且廉价。本文研究了紫露草微核生物测定法（Trad-MCN）和紫露草雄蕊毛生物测定法（Trad-SH）对甲萘威、乐果和丙环唑的敏感性，这些农药都是智利目前常用的农业和家用农药，从未用此类生物测定法进行过测试。对每个个体农药，通过毛细管吸收进行生物监测，浓度范围从最大残留限量（痕量水平）到农业领域的应用剂量。此外，还包括有机氯 4,4'-DDE，但仅在 0.01mg/L 至 1mg/L 的浓度范围内，模拟残留浓度，因为它不是商业产品，而是持久性有机氯农药 4,4-DDT 的主要分解产物，智利已于 20 世纪 80 年代停止使用 4,4-DDT。Trad-MCN 生物测定法显示，生物监测紫露草变种紫露草的早期四分体花粉母细胞的微核频率显著增加，这是由 4,4'-DDE（1mg/L）、乐果（40mg/L、200mg/L、400mg/L）和甲萘威（889mg/L）引起的。在测试浓度下，丙环唑没有产生任何显著变化。同时，通过对 Tradescantia clone KU-20 的雄蕊毛细胞表型变化进行分析，进行了 Trad-SH 生物测定法，用于相同的农药和剂量。除了乐果在低剂量（2 和 5mg/L）下，该生物测定法对于测试的大多数农药的毒性评估不够敏感。
