Ainsworth Elizabeth A
Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Institute for Genomic Biology & Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Plant J. 2017 Jun;90(5):886-897. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13298. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
Concentrations of ground-level ozone ([O ]) over much of the Earth's land surface have more than doubled since pre-industrial times. The air pollutant is highly variable over time and space, which makes it difficult to assess the average agronomic and economic impacts of the pollutant as well as to breed crops for O tolerance. Recent modeling efforts have improved quantitative understanding of the effects of current and future [O ] on global crop productivity, and experimental advances have improved understanding of the cellular O sensing, signaling and response mechanisms. This work provides the fundamental background and justification for breeding and biotechnological approaches for improving O tolerance in crops. There is considerable within-species variation in O tolerance in crops, which has been used to create mapping populations for screening. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for O tolerance have been identified in model and crop species, and although none has been cloned to date, transcript profiling experiments have identified candidate genes associated with QTL. Biotechnological strategies for improving O tolerance are also being tested, although there is considerable research to be done before O -tolerant germplasm is available to growers for most crops. Strategies to improve O tolerance in crops have been hampered by the lack of translation of laboratory experiments to the field, and the lack of correlation between visual leaf-level O damage and yield loss to O stress. Future efforts to screen mapping populations in the field and to identify more promising phenotypes for O tolerance are needed.
自工业化前时代以来，地球大部分陆地表面的地面臭氧（[O₃]）浓度增加了一倍多。这种空气污染物在时间和空间上变化很大，这使得评估该污染物对农业和经济的平均影响以及培育耐臭氧作物变得困难。最近的建模工作提高了对当前和未来[O₃]对全球作物生产力影响的定量理解，实验进展也增进了对细胞臭氧感知、信号传导和响应机制的认识。这项工作为培育和采用生物技术方法提高作物耐臭氧性提供了基本背景和依据。作物的耐臭氧性在种内存在相当大的差异，这种差异已被用于创建用于筛选的作图群体。在模式植物和作物物种中已经鉴定出耐臭氧性的数量性状位点（QTL），尽管迄今为止尚未克隆到任何一个，但转录谱分析实验已经鉴定出与QTL相关的候选基因。提高耐臭氧性的生物技术策略也在进行测试，不过在大多数作物的耐臭氧种质可供种植者使用之前，还有大量研究工作要做。提高作物耐臭氧性的策略受到实验室实验难以转化到田间以及叶片水平的臭氧可见损伤与臭氧胁迫导致的产量损失之间缺乏相关性的阻碍。未来需要努力在田间筛选作图群体，并确定更有前景的耐臭氧表型。
