Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jan 1;575:1307-1324. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.210. Epub 2016 Oct 13.
Reservoirs located in urban areas suffer specific pressures related to human activities. Their monitoring, management, and protection requirements differ from reservoirs situated in non-urbanized areas. The objectives of this study were: (a) to determine the concentrations of select pesticides and emerging pollutants (EPs) present in an urban reservoir; (b) to describe their possible spatial distributions; and (c) to quantify the risks for aquatic life and safeguard drinking water supplies. For this purpose, the Guarapiranga reservoir was studied as an example of a multi-stressed urban reservoir in a tropical region. A total of 31 organic compounds (including pesticides, illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine disruptors) were analyzed twice over a period of one year, together with classical indicators of water quality. The physical and chemical data were treated using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify possible temporal or spatial patterns. Risk assessment was performed for biota and drinking water use, comparing maximum environmental concentrations (MECs) with the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) or drinking water quality criteria (DWC), respectively. The results demonstrated the presence of pesticides and EPs, as well as pollution by high levels of nutrients and Chlorophyll a (Chl. a), during the study period. The nutrients and Trophic State Index (TSI) showed gradients in the reservoir and regional distributions, while the pesticides and EPs only clearly showed this pattern in the dry season. The concentrations and distributions of the pesticides and EPs therefore showed seasonality. These findings suggested that the two groups of pollutants (EPs+pesticides and nutrients) possessed different sources and behavior and were not always correlated in the reservoir studied. In the studied period, no risk was observed in raw water for drinking water use, but carbendazim, imidacloprid, and BPA showed risks for the biota in the reservoir.
位于城区的水库承受着与人类活动相关的特殊压力。它们的监测、管理和保护要求与非城市化地区的水库不同。本研究的目的是：（a）确定城区水库中特定农药和新兴污染物（EPs）的浓度；（b）描述它们可能的空间分布；（c）量化对水生生物的风险并保障饮用水供应。为此，以瓜拉皮拉格水库为例，研究了热带地区一个多压力城区水库。在一年的时间里，共分析了 31 种有机化合物（包括农药、非法药物、药物和内分泌干扰物），以及经典的水质指标。使用主成分分析（PCA）对物理化学数据进行处理，以识别可能的时间或空间模式。分别通过比较最大环境浓度（MEC）与预测无影响浓度（PNEC）或饮用水质量标准（DWC），对生物和饮用水使用进行风险评估。研究结果表明，在研究期间，水库中存在农药和 EPs 以及高浓度营养物质和叶绿素 a（Chl. a）污染。在水库和区域分布中，养分和营养状态指数（TSI）表现出梯度，而仅在旱季时，农药和 EPs 才明显表现出这种模式。因此，农药和 EPs 的浓度和分布具有季节性。这些发现表明，两组污染物（EPs+农药和养分）具有不同的来源和行为，在研究的水库中并不总是相关。在研究期间，饮用水原水未观察到风险，但涕灭威、氯吡虫啉和双酚 A 对水库中的生物表现出风险。
