Thompson Laura A, Romano Tracy A
Research and Veterinary Services, Mystic Aquarium, A Division of Sea Research Foundation Inc. Mystic, CT, USA.
Front Physiol. 2016 Sep 30;7:442. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00442. eCollection 2016.
Increased pressure, associated with diving, can alter cell function through several mechanisms and has been shown to impact immune functions performed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in humans. While marine mammals possess specific adaptations which protect them from dive related injury, it is unknown how their immune system is adapted to the challenges associated with diving. The purpose of this study was to measure PBMC activation (IL2R expression) and Concanavalin A induced lymphocyte proliferation (BrdU incorporation) in belugas following pressure exposures during baseline, Out of Water Examination (OWE) and capture/release conditions. Beluga blood samples ( = 4) were obtained from animals at the Mystic Aquarium and from free ranging animals in Alaska ( = 9). Human blood samples ( = 4) (Biological Specialty Corporation) were run for comparison. catecholamines and cortisol were measured in belugas to characterize the neuroendocrine response. Comparison of cellular responses between controls and pressure exposed cells, between conditions in belugas, between belugas and humans as well as between dive profiles, were run using mixed generalized linear models (α = 0.05). Cortisol was significantly higher in Bristol Bay belugas and OWE samples as compared with baseline for aquarium animals. Both IL2R expression and proliferation displayed significant pressure induced changes, and these responses varied between conditions in belugas. Both belugas and humans displayed increased IL2R expression, while lymphocyte proliferation decreased for aquarium animals and increased for humans and Bristol Bay belugas. Results suggest beluga PBMC function is altered during diving and changes may represent dive adaptation as the response differs from humans, a non-dive adapted mammal. In addition, characteristics of a dive (i.e., duration, depth) as well as neuroendocrine activity can alter the response of beluga cells, potentially impacting the ability of animals to fight infection or avoid dive related pathologies.
与潜水相关的压力增加可通过多种机制改变细胞功能，并且已被证明会影响人类外周血单核细胞（PBMC）执行的免疫功能。虽然海洋哺乳动物具有特定的适应性特征来保护它们免受与潜水相关的伤害，但它们的免疫系统如何适应与潜水相关的挑战尚不清楚。本研究的目的是测量白鲸在基线、出水检查（OWE）和捕获/放归条件下承受压力后PBMC的激活（IL2R表达）以及伴刀豆球蛋白A诱导的淋巴细胞增殖（BrdU掺入）。从神秘水族馆的动物以及阿拉斯加自由放养的动物身上采集白鲸血样（n = 4）。采集人类血样（n = 4）（生物专业公司）用于比较。测量白鲸体内的儿茶酚胺和皮质醇以表征神经内分泌反应。使用混合广义线性模型（α = 0.05）对对照组和压力暴露细胞之间、白鲸不同条件之间、白鲸与人类之间以及潜水剖面之间的细胞反应进行比较。与水族馆动物的基线相比，布里斯托尔湾白鲸和OWE样本中的皮质醇显著更高。IL2R表达和增殖均显示出压力诱导的显著变化，并且这些反应在白鲸的不同条件下有所不同。白鲸和人类的IL2R表达均增加，而水族馆动物淋巴细胞增殖减少，人类和布里斯托尔湾白鲸淋巴细胞增殖增加。结果表明，白鲸PBMC功能在潜水过程中发生改变，并且这些变化可能代表潜水适应性，因为其反应与非潜水适应性哺乳动物人类不同。此外，潜水的特征（即持续时间、深度）以及神经内分泌活动可改变白鲸细胞的反应，可能影响动物抵抗感染或避免与潜水相关疾病的能力。
