Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
Nutrients. 2016 Oct 18;8(10):644. doi: 10.3390/nu8100644.
Theterm gluten intolerance may refer to three types of human disorders: autoimmune celiac disease (CD), allergy to wheat and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). Gluten is a mixture of prolamin proteins present mostly in wheat, but also in barley, rye and oat. Gluten can be subdivided into three major groups: S-rich, S-poor and high molecular weight proteins. Prolamins within the groups possess similar structures and properties. All gluten proteins are evolutionarily connected and share the same ancestral origin. Gluten proteins are highly resistant to hydrolysis mediated by proteases of the human gastrointestinal tract. It results in emergence of pathogenic peptides, which cause CD and allergy in genetically predisposed people. There is a hierarchy of peptide toxicity and peptide recognition by T cells. Nowadays, there are several ways to detoxify gluten peptides: the most common is gluten-free diet (GFD), which has proved its effectiveness; prevention programs, enzymatic therapy, correction of gluten pathogenicity pathways and genetically modified grains with reduced immunotoxicity. A deep understanding of gluten intolerance underlying mechanisms and detailed knowledge of gluten properties may lead to the emergence of novel effective approaches for treatment of gluten-related disorders.
术语“麸质不耐受”可能指三种人类疾病：自身免疫性乳糜泻（CD）、小麦过敏和非乳糜泻麸质敏感性（NCGS）。麸质是存在于小麦中的醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白的混合物，但也存在于大麦、黑麦和燕麦中。麸质可分为三大类：富含硫氨基酸、硫氨基酸含量低和高分子量蛋白。这三组醇溶蛋白具有相似的结构和特性。所有的醇溶蛋白都有进化上的联系，并且具有相同的起源。醇溶蛋白对人类胃肠道蛋白酶介导的水解具有很强的抵抗力。这导致了致病肽的出现，从而导致了 CD 和过敏。存在肽毒性和 T 细胞对肽的识别的层次结构。目前，有几种方法可以脱毒麸质肽：最常见的是无麸质饮食（GFD），已证明其有效；预防方案、酶疗、纠正麸质致病性途径和降低免疫毒性的转基因谷物。深入了解麸质不耐受的潜在机制和详细了解麸质的特性，可能会为治疗与麸质相关的疾病带来新的有效方法。
