MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Oct 21;65(41):1136-1140. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6541a3.
Since the global Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was launched in 1974, vaccination against six diseases (tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles) has prevented millions of deaths and disabilities (1). Significant advances have been made in the development and introduction of vaccines, and licensed vaccines are now available to prevent 25 diseases (2,3). Historically, new vaccines only became available in low-income and middle-income countries decades after being introduced in high-income countries. However, with the support of global partners, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund, which assist with vaccine prequalification and procurement, as well as Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi) (4), which provides funding and shapes vaccine markets through forecasting and assurances of demand in low-income countries in exchange for lower vaccine prices, vaccines are now introduced more rapidly. Based on data compiled in the WHO Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals Database* (5), this report describes the current status of introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, pneumococcal conjugate, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, and rubella vaccines, and the second dose of measles vaccine. As of September 2016, a total of 191 (99%) of 194 WHO member countries had introduced Hib vaccine, 190 (98%) had introduced hepatitis B vaccine, 132 (68%) had introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), and 86 (44%) had introduced rotavirus vaccine into infant vaccination schedules. Human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) had been introduced in 67 (35%) countries, primarily targeted for routine use in adolescent girls. A second dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV2) had been introduced in 161 (83%) countries, and rubella vaccine had been introduced in 149 (77%). These efforts support the commitment outlined in the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), 2011-2020 (2), endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012, to extend the full benefits of immunization to all persons.
自 1974 年全球扩大免疫规划（EPI）启动以来，针对六种疾病（结核病、脊髓灰质炎、白喉、破伤风、百日咳和麻疹）的疫苗接种已预防了数百万人的死亡和残疾（1）。疫苗的开发和引入取得了重大进展，现在已有许可疫苗可预防 25 种疾病（2,3）。从历史上看，新疫苗仅在高收入国家引入数十年后才在中低收入国家可用。然而，在全球合作伙伴的支持下，包括世界卫生组织（世卫组织）和联合国儿童基金会（协助疫苗资格预审和采购）以及疫苗联盟（Gavi）（4），通过预测和保证在低收入国家的需求，并以较低的疫苗价格交换，疫苗的引入速度更快。根据世卫组织免疫、疫苗和生物制品数据库*（5）汇编的数据，本报告描述了乙型流感嗜血杆菌（Hib）、乙型肝炎、肺炎球菌结合疫苗、轮状病毒、人乳头瘤病毒和风疹疫苗以及麻疹疫苗第二剂的引入现状。截至 2016 年 9 月，共有 194 个世卫组织成员国中的 191 个（99%）引入了 Hib 疫苗，190 个（98%）引入了乙型肝炎疫苗，132 个（68%）引入了肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV），86 个（44%）将轮状病毒疫苗纳入婴儿免疫接种计划。人乳头瘤病毒疫苗（HPV）已在 67 个国家（35%）引入，主要针对青少年女孩常规使用。161 个国家（83%）引入了含麻疹成分的疫苗（MCV2），149 个国家（77%）引入了风疹疫苗。这些努力支持了 2012 年世界卫生大会批准的 2011-2020 年全球疫苗行动计划（GVAP）（2）中概述的承诺，即为所有人扩大免疫的全部效益。
