de Carvalho Oliveira Leonardo, de Almeida Rocha Juliana Monteiro, Dos Reis Paula Pedreira, Dietz James
Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470-Patronato, CEP 24435-005, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil.
Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Salobrinho, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
Primates. 2017 Jan;58(1):179-186. doi: 10.1007/s10329-016-0580-9. Epub 2016 Oct 22.
The advantages of living in a group include feeding benefits and/or predation avoidance, while the disadvantages are typically related to competition. One way to avoid competition while maintaining the benefits of living in a group is to form interspecific associations with species with relatively little dietary overlap. Here we report a stable association between a male golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT), Leontopithecus chrysomelas, and a group of Wied's black-tufted-ear marmosets (WBTMs), Callithrix kuhlii. We collected ecological and behavioral data on a duo of GHLTs from May to August 2008, totaling 62 h of observations. On 19 August 2008, the radio-collared GHLT dispersed alone and was located on 28 August in association with WBTMs. To examine possible changes in GHLT ecology and behavior, we monitored the mixed-species group between September and December 2008, totaling 122 h of observations. We found that the GHLT's home range and daily path length decreased by about ten and three times, respectively, after joining the WBTM group, suggesting adaptations to the WBTMs' use of space. All non-agonistic behaviors recorded in the mixed group were directed from GHLT to the WBMTs, whereas all agonistic interactions were directed from the WBMTs to the GHLT, indicating a subordinate position of GHLT in the mixed group. In golden lion tamarins, reproductive success of subordinate adult males that remain in the group is higher than that of those that disperse and "prospect" for a breeding opportunity. If dispersing individuals are unable to find a mate and defend a territory, they will likely die within a year. The dispersing GHLT in this study assumed a subordinate role in a mixed-species group outside a GHLT territory. Apparently, the benefits of waiting for a dispersing female in a relatively safe situation may exceed the costs of prospecting elsewhere or being a subordinate.
群居的优势包括觅食益处和/或避免被捕食，而劣势通常与竞争有关。在维持群居益处的同时避免竞争的一种方法是与饮食重叠相对较少的物种形成种间关联。在此，我们报告了一只雄性金头狮狨（GHLT），即金头狮面狨（Leontopithecus chrysomelas）与一群维氏黑须狨（WBTMs），即库氏狨（Callithrix kuhlii）之间的稳定关联。我们在2008年5月至8月收集了一对金头狮狨的生态和行为数据，总计62小时的观察。2008年8月19日，佩戴无线电项圈的金头狮狨独自扩散，并于8月28日被发现与维氏黑须狨在一起。为了研究金头狮狨生态和行为可能发生的变化，我们在2008年9月至12月监测了这个混合物种群体，总计122小时的观察。我们发现，加入维氏黑须狨群体后，金头狮狨的家域和每日路径长度分别减少了约十倍和三倍，这表明它适应了维氏黑须狨的空间利用方式。在混合群体中记录的所有非攻击性互动都是金头狮狨对维氏黑须狨做出的，而所有攻击性互动都是维氏黑须狨对金头狮狨做出的，这表明金头狮狨在混合群体中处于从属地位。在金狮狨中，留在群体中的从属成年雄性的繁殖成功率高于那些扩散并“寻找”繁殖机会的雄性。如果扩散个体找不到配偶并保卫领地，它们很可能在一年内死亡。本研究中扩散的金头狮狨在金头狮狨领地外的混合物种群体中扮演从属角色。显然，在相对安全的情况下等待扩散雌性的益处可能超过在其他地方寻找机会或处于从属地位的成本。
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