School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Chemosphere. 2017 Feb;168:272-278. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.015. Epub 2016 Oct 24.
This study was undertaken to determine levels of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) on skin surface to provide preliminary exposure estimates from dermal absorption. Skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forearms were collected from 30 participants by using gauze pads soaked in isopropyl alcohol. Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two novel brominated FRs, and two Dechlorane Plus (DPs) isomers were determined. BDE209, Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and 1, 2-Bis (2, 4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) were most frequently detected. BDE209 showed the highest median level (1760 ng m), followed by DBDPE (277 ng m) and anti-DP (64 ng m). The comparison of levels on palms and back-of-hands revealed no statistical differences, but both were significantly higher than the levels on forearms. Detections of HFRs on arms suggested that skin areas covered by clothing were exposed to these chemicals likewise. BDE209 and DPs levels from three repeated samples showed moderate to strong reliability over 3 months, while the levels of other compounds were not statistically reliable. Males had significant higher levels than females for most HFRs, while participants' age, time from last hand washing to sampling, and other behaviors contributed limitedly to the variations in levels. Daily uptakes of HFRs through dermal absorption were estimated. The estimated median total exposure from palms, back-of-hands, and forearms were 25.9, 1.6, and 7.2 ng d for ∑PBDEs, ∑DPs, and ∑NBFRs, respectively, which were in the same ranges as those from diet and dust ingestion for adults in China, suggesting that dermal absorption would be an important exposure route for HFRs.
本研究旨在测定皮肤表面卤代阻燃剂（HFRs）水平，以提供经皮吸收的初步暴露估计值。通过使用浸透异丙醇的纱布垫从 30 名参与者身上采集手掌、手背和前臂的皮肤擦拭物。共测定了 8 种多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）、2 种新型溴化阻燃剂和 2 种 Dechlorane Plus（DP）异构体。最常检测到的是 BDE209、十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）和 1,2-双（2,4,6-三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）。BDE209 的中位数水平最高（1760ng/m），其次是 DBDPE（277ng/m）和反式-DP（64ng/m）。手掌和手背的水平比较无统计学差异，但均明显高于前臂的水平。手臂上 HFRs 的检测表明，同样也暴露于这些化学物质的衣物覆盖的皮肤区域。BDE209 和 3 个月内 3 次重复采样的 DP 水平显示出中度到高度可靠性，而其他化合物的水平则无统计学意义。大多数 HFRs 中，男性的水平明显高于女性，而参与者的年龄、上次洗手到采样的时间以及其他行为对水平的变化贡献有限。通过经皮吸收估算 HFRs 的每日摄入量。估计手掌、手背和前臂的总暴露中位数分别为∑PBDEs、∑DPs 和∑NBFRs 的 25.9、1.6 和 7.2ng/d，与中国成人饮食和灰尘摄入的暴露量相当，这表明经皮吸收可能是 HFRs 的一个重要暴露途径。
