Schröder Markus S, Martinez de San Vicente Kontxi, Prandini Tâmara H R, Hammel Stephen, Higgins Desmond G, Bagagli Eduardo, Wolfe Kenneth H, Butler Geraldine
School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
PLoS Genet. 2016 Nov 2;12(11):e1006404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006404. eCollection 2016 Nov.
Mating between different species produces hybrids that are usually asexual and stuck as diploids, but can also lead to the formation of new species. Here, we report the genome sequences of 27 isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida orthopsilosis. We find that most isolates are diploid hybrids, products of mating between two unknown parental species (A and B) that are 5% divergent in sequence. Isolates vary greatly in the extent of homogenization between A and B, making their genomes a mosaic of highly heterozygous regions interspersed with homozygous regions. Separate phylogenetic analyses of SNPs in the A- and B-derived portions of the genome produces almost identical trees of the isolates with four major clades. However, the presence of two mutually exclusive genotype combinations at the mating type locus, and recombinant mitochondrial genomes diagnostic of inter-clade mating, shows that the species C. orthopsilosis does not have a single evolutionary origin but was created at least four times by separate interspecies hybridizations between parents A and B. Older hybrids have lost more heterozygosity. We also identify two isolates with homozygous genomes derived exclusively from parent A, which are pure non-hybrid strains. The parallel emergence of the same hybrid species from multiple independent hybridization events is common in plant evolution, but is much less documented in pathogenic fungi.
不同物种之间的交配会产生杂种,这些杂种通常是无性的且以二倍体形式存在,但也可能导致新物种的形成。在此,我们报告了致病性酵母正拟平滑假丝酵母(Candida orthopsilosis)27个分离株的基因组序列。我们发现,大多数分离株是二倍体杂种,是两个未知亲本物种(A和B)交配的产物,这两个亲本物种在序列上有5%的差异。分离株在A和B之间的同质化程度差异很大,使其基因组成为高度杂合区域与纯合区域相间分布的镶嵌体。对基因组中A和B来源部分的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)进行单独的系统发育分析,得到了分离株几乎相同的树状图,有四个主要分支。然而,在交配型位点存在两种相互排斥的基因型组合,以及诊断分支间交配的重组线粒体基因组,表明正拟平滑假丝酵母物种并非有单一的进化起源,而是至少通过亲本A和B之间的四次独立种间杂交形成的。较老的杂种失去了更多的杂合性。我们还鉴定出两个基因组完全来自亲本A的纯合分离株,它们是纯的非杂种菌株。同一个杂交物种从多个独立杂交事件中平行出现的情况在植物进化中很常见,但在致病真菌中记录较少。