Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies.
Psychol Trauma. 2017 Aug;9(Suppl 1):145-152. doi: 10.1037/tra0000224. Epub 2016 Nov 10.
The aim of this study was threefold: (1) to examine the type and frequency of trauma reminders reported by survivors 2.5 years after a terrorist attack; (2) to examine whether frequency of exposure to trauma reminders is associated with psychological distress and level of functioning; and (3) to compare the worst trauma reminders reported by the same survivors at 2 different time points.
Participants were 261 survivors (52.1% male; Mage = 22.1 years, SD = 4.76) of the 2011 massacre on Utøya Island, Norway, who were interviewed face-to-face 14-15 and 30-32 months postterror. Participants were asked how often they had experienced various trauma reminders in the past month, which reminder was the worst, and how distressing it was. Current posttraumatic reactions were measured using the University of California at Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index and an 8-item version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25.
Auditory reminders were most frequently encountered and the most distressing. Frequency of exposure to trauma reminders was positively correlated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression, as well as negatively correlated with level of functioning, over time. Almost 20% of the survivors reported being very distressed by their worst reminder 2.5 years postterror. Less than half reported the same worst reminder at both time points.
Trauma reminders, especially auditory reminders, are prevalent and distressing for years after a terrorist attack. Exposure to reminders may be important not only in the development and maintenance of PTSD but also in a broader conceptualization of posttraumatic reactions and functioning. Which reminder survivors appraise as the worst may fluctuate over time. It is important to help survivors identify and cope with reminders. (PsycINFO Database Record
本研究旨在：（1）调查恐怖袭击后 2.5 年幸存者报告的创伤性记忆的类型和频率；（2）研究创伤性记忆的频率是否与心理困扰和功能水平相关；（3）比较同一批幸存者在 2 个不同时间点报告的最严重的创伤性记忆。
参与者为 261 名 2011 年挪威于特岛大屠杀的幸存者（52.1%为男性；平均年龄为 22.1 岁，标准差为 4.76），他们在恐怖袭击后 14-15 个月和 30-32 个月时进行了面对面访谈。参与者被问到过去一个月中经历各种创伤性记忆的频率，哪种记忆最严重，以及对他们造成的困扰程度。目前的创伤后反应使用加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校 PTSD 反应指数和 25 项霍普金斯症状清单的 8 项版本进行测量。
听觉性记忆最常出现且最令人困扰。创伤性记忆的暴露频率与创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、焦虑和抑郁的症状呈正相关，与功能水平呈负相关，且随着时间的推移而变化。近 20%的幸存者报告说，2.5 年后他们最严重的创伤性记忆仍让他们感到非常困扰。不到一半的人在两个时间点报告了相同的最严重的记忆。
创伤性记忆，尤其是听觉性记忆，在恐怖袭击后多年仍普遍存在且令人困扰。暴露于记忆可能不仅对 PTSD 的发展和维持很重要，而且对更广泛的创伤后反应和功能的概念化也很重要。幸存者评估为最严重的记忆可能会随时间而波动。帮助幸存者识别和应对记忆是很重要的。
