Kweka Eliningaya J, Kimaro Epiphania E, Munga Stephen
Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania.
Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute , Arusha , Tanzania.
Front Public Health. 2016 Oct 26;4:238. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00238. eCollection 2016.
African highlands were known to be free of malaria for the past 50 years. However, the ever growing human population in the highlands of Africa has led to the deforestation and land coverage changes to create space for more land for cultivation, grazing, and house construction materials needs. This has lead to the creation of suitable breeding habitats, which are in open places. Decrease of canopy and forest cover has led to increased temperature both in outdoors and indoors in deforested areas. This increased temperature has resulted in the shortening of developmental stages of aquatic stages of mosquitoes and sporogony development in adult mosquitoes.
Assessment of the effects of deforestation and land coverage changes (decrease), which leads to temperature changes and subsequently increases survivorship of adults and sporogony development in adult mosquitoes' body was gathered from previous data collected from 2003 to 2012 using different analysis techniques. Habitats productivity, species dynamics and abundance, mosquitoes feeding rates, and sporogony development are presented in relation to temperature changes.
The effects of temperature rise due to land cover changes in highlands of western Kenya on larval developmental rates, adult sporogony developments, and malaria risk in human population were derived. Vector species dynamics and abundance in relation to land use changes have been found to change with time.
This study found that, land cover changes is a key driver for the temperature rise in African highlands and increases the rate of malaria vectors ssp., , and colonizing the highlands. It has also significantly enhanced sporogony development rate and adult vector survival and therefore the risk of malaria transmission in the highlands.
在过去50年里，非洲高地一直没有疟疾。然而，非洲高地不断增长的人口导致了森林砍伐和土地覆盖变化，以便为更多的耕地、牧场和房屋建筑材料需求腾出空间。这导致了适宜的繁殖栖息地的形成，这些栖息地位于开阔地带。树冠和森林覆盖的减少导致了森林砍伐地区户外和室内温度的升高。这种温度升高导致了蚊子水生阶段发育阶段的缩短以及成年蚊子体内孢子生殖发育的缩短。
利用2003年至2012年收集的不同分析技术的先前数据，收集了森林砍伐和土地覆盖变化（减少）的影响评估，这些变化导致温度变化，进而增加了成年蚊子的存活率和成年蚊子体内的孢子生殖发育。呈现了与温度变化相关的栖息地生产力、物种动态和丰度、蚊子摄食率以及孢子生殖发育情况。
得出了肯尼亚西部高地土地覆盖变化导致的温度上升对幼虫发育率、成年孢子生殖发育以及人类疟疾风险的影响。已发现与土地利用变化相关的病媒物种动态和丰度会随时间变化。
本研究发现，土地覆盖变化是非洲高地温度上升的关键驱动因素，并增加了疟疾病媒冈比亚按蚊、阿拉伯按蚊和斯氏按蚊在高地定殖的速率。它还显著提高了孢子生殖发育率和成年病媒的存活率，因此增加了高地疟疾传播的风险。
