A genome-wide analysis of simple sequence repeats in Apis cerana and its development as polymorphism markers.

The Asian honeybee (Apis cerana) is an important indigenous species that play an indispensable role in the ecological balance and biological diversity. Few studies have been conducted to characterize the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) derived from A. cerana, so, in this study, a genome-wide screening for SSRs were firstly performed in the genome of A. cerana by comparison with that in west honeybee (Apis mellifera). There were 20,9991 SSRs distributed throughout the genome of A. cerana (Korea strain) and di-nucleotides were the most frequent SSR type. Both total number and density of SSRs in A. cerana genome were smaller than that in A. mellifera genome. Through comparing length discrepancy of SSRs loci among several isolates based on sequence alignment, 218 potential polymorphic SSRs primers derived from A. cerana were presented. Five among these SSR markers were evaluated for amplification in twenty-eight colonies of Apis cerana cerana (Chinese honeybee), which showed highly polymorphic, with the value of Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.47 to 0.61. All these results will contribute to further develop more effective SSRs markers derived from A. cerana, which can be used to study genetic structure and population polymorphism of Asian honeybee.