Pogun Sakire, Yararbas Gorkem, Nesil Tanseli, Kanit Lutfiye
Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
J Neurosci Res. 2017 Jan 2;95(1-2):148-162. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23858.
Smoking is the major cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and although there is a decline in overall smoking prevalence in developed countries, the decline in women is less pronounced than in men. Women become dependent faster and experience greater difficulties in quitting. Similar trends have been observed in animal models of nicotine/tobacco addiction. Individual differences in vulnerability to drug abuse are also observed in nicotine/tobacco addiction and point to the importance of sex differences. This Review, summarizes findings from three experimental approaches used to depict nicotine preference in animal models, intravenous and oral nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced conditioned place preference. Nicotine preference is considered to be reflected in the animal's motivation to administer the drug (intravenously or orally) or to prefer an environment paired with the presence of the drug (conditioned place preference). These approaches all point to the importance of sex and age of the subjects; the preference of females and adolescents appear to be more pronounced than that of males and adults, respectively. A closer look at these factors will help us understand the mechanisms that underlie nicotine addiction and develop strategies to cope. Ignoring sex differences and reaching conclusions based only on studies using male subjects has resulted in erroneous generalizations in the past. Sex differences in nicotine preference have been clearly documented, and awareness on this aspect of nicotine dependence will significantly impact our success in translational research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
吸烟是全球可预防死亡的主要原因，尽管发达国家的总体吸烟率有所下降，但女性吸烟率的下降幅度不如男性明显。女性更快成瘾，且戒烟难度更大。在尼古丁/烟草成瘾的动物模型中也观察到了类似的趋势。在尼古丁/烟草成瘾中也观察到了个体对药物滥用易感性的差异，这表明性别差异很重要。本综述总结了用于描述动物模型中尼古丁偏好的三种实验方法的研究结果，即静脉注射和口服尼古丁自我给药以及尼古丁诱导的条件性位置偏好。尼古丁偏好被认为反映在动物给药（静脉注射或口服）的动机上，或者反映在对与药物存在相关的环境的偏好上（条件性位置偏好）。这些方法都表明了研究对象的性别和年龄的重要性；女性和青少年的偏好似乎分别比男性和成年人更明显。深入研究这些因素将有助于我们理解尼古丁成瘾的潜在机制，并制定应对策略。过去，忽视性别差异并仅基于使用男性受试者的研究得出结论导致了错误的概括。尼古丁偏好方面的性别差异已得到明确记录，认识到尼古丁依赖的这一方面将显著影响我们在转化研究中的成功。© 2016威利期刊公司。
