Schat Karel A
A Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Avian Dis. 2016 Dec;60(4):715-724. doi: 10.1637/11429-050216-Hist.
Shortly after the isolation of Marek's disease (MD) herpesvirus (MDV) in the late 1960s vaccines were developed in England, the United States, and The Netherlands. Biggs and associates at the Houghton Poultry Research Station (HPRS) in England attenuated HPRS-16, the first cell-culture-isolated MDV strain, by passaging HPRS-16 in chick kidney cells. Although HPRS-16/Att was the first commercially available vaccine, it never became widely used and was soon replaced by the FC126 strain of herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine developed by Witter and associates at the Regional Poultry Research Laboratory (now Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory [ADOL]) in East Lansing, MI. Ironically, Kawamura et al. isolated a herpesvirus from kidney cell cultures from turkeys in 1969 but never realized its potential as a vaccine against MD. Rispens of the Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) developed the third vaccine. His associate, Maas, had found commercial flocks of chickens with MDV antibodies but without MD. Subsequently, Rispens isolated a very low pathogenic strain from hen number 988 from his MD antibody-positive flock, which was free of avian leukosis virus and clinical MD. This isolate became the CVI-988 vaccine used mostly in The Netherlands. During the late 1970s, HVT was no longer fully protective against some new emerging field strains. The addition of SB-1, isolated by Schat and Calnek, to HVT improved protection against the emerging very virulent strains. In the 1990s CVI-988 became the worldwide vaccine gold standard. This review will present data from published papers and personal communications providing additional information about the exciting 15-yr period after the isolation of MDV to the development of the different vaccines.
20世纪60年代末马立克氏病（MD）疱疹病毒（MDV）被分离出来后不久，英国、美国和荷兰就研发出了疫苗。英国霍顿家禽研究站（HPRS）的比格斯及其同事通过在鸡肾细胞中传代HPRS - 16，使其减毒，HPRS - 16是首个通过细胞培养分离出的MDV毒株。尽管HPRS - 16/Att是首个上市的疫苗，但它从未得到广泛应用，很快就被密歇根州东兰辛地区家禽研究实验室（现为禽病与肿瘤实验室[ADOL]）的维特及其同事研发的火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）FC126毒株疫苗所取代。具有讽刺意味的是，川村等人在1969年从火鸡的肾细胞培养物中分离出一种疱疹病毒，但从未意识到其作为MD疫苗的潜力。中央兽医研究所（CVI）的里斯彭斯研发出了第三种疫苗。他的同事马斯发现一些商业鸡群有MDV抗体但未患MD。随后，里斯彭斯从他的MD抗体阳性鸡群中编号为988的母鸡身上分离出一种致病性极低的毒株，该鸡群无禽白血病病毒且无临床MD。这种分离株成为主要在荷兰使用的CVI - 988疫苗。在20世纪70年代后期，HVT对一些新出现的田间毒株不再具有完全的保护作用。沙茨和卡尔内克分离出的SB - 1添加到HVT中，提高了对新出现的超强毒株的保护作用。在20世纪90年代，CVI - 988成为全球疫苗的金标准。本综述将展示已发表论文和个人交流中的数据，提供关于MDV分离后到不同疫苗研发这一令人兴奋的15年期间的更多信息。
