Clinical presentations of Wilson disease among Polish children.

INTRODUCTION

Wilson disease (WD) may present from early childhood up to the eighth decade, presenting with variable hepatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Establishing the diagnosis is straightforward if the major clinical and laboratory features are present. However, clinical phenotypes are highly varied and early, proper diagnosis can be challenging.

AIM

The aim of our study was to analyze clinical presentations and diagnostic tests of Polish pediatric patients with WD.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed medical history of 156 patients with confirmed diagnosis of WD treated at our Institute from 1996 till March 2016.

RESULTS

The mean age at onset of symptoms was 10.15±4.23 years of age. Hepatic presentation was the most common one (94.23%) with either liver failure (16.03%) or more frequently increased transaminases (78.2%). In 90.26% cases ceruloplasmin serum concentration was ≤0,2 g/l, in 51.93% patients basal urinary copper excretion was >100 μg/24 h. Mutation analysis was performed in 155 (99.36%) cases. The most common mutation was p.H1069Q.

CONCLUSIONS

Wilson disease can present with only significantly increased transaminases activity and hepatomegaly or liver failure, but neurological symptoms are very rare in children. Diagnostic approach is challenging due to wide spectrum of clinical presentations in a high variable degree of severity. Genetic screening is supportive, ceruloplasmin and urinary copper excretion are valuable tests in the majority of patients but do not allow to exclude WD.