Tanaka Masaru
Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, and Soft-Biomaterials Research Center, Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
Contrib Nephrol. 2017;189:137-143. doi: 10.1159/000451043. Epub 2016 Dec 12.
Although various types of materials have been used widely in dialyzers, most biomaterials lack the desired functional properties to interface with blood and have not been engineered for optimum performance. Therefore, there is increasing demand to develop novel materials to address such problems in the dialysis arena. Numerous parameters of polymeric biomaterials can affect biocompatibility in a controlled manner. The mechanisms responsible for the biocompatibility of polymers at the molecular level have not been clearly demonstrated, although many theoretical and experimental efforts have been made to try and understand them. Moreover, water interactions have been recognized as fundamental for the blood response to contact with polymers.
We have proposed the 'intermediate water' concept and hypothesized that intermediate water, which prevents the proteins and blood cells from directly contacting the polymer surface, or nonfreezing water on the polymer surface, plays an important role in the biocompatibility of polymers. This chapter provides an overview of the recent experimental progress of biocompatible polymers measured by thermal, spectroscopic, and surface force techniques. Additionally, it highlights recent developments in the use of biocompatible polymeric biomaterials for dialyzers and provides an overview of the progress made in the design of multifunctional biomedical polymers by controlling the biointerfacial water structure through precision polymer synthesis. Key Messages: Intermediate water was found only in hydrated biopolymers (proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, DNA and RNA) and hydrated biocompatible synthetic polymers. Intermediate water could be one of the main screening factors for the design of appropriate dialyzer materials.
尽管各种类型的材料已在透析器中广泛使用，但大多数生物材料缺乏与血液相互作用所需的功能特性，且尚未针对最佳性能进行设计。因此，开发新型材料以解决透析领域中的此类问题的需求日益增加。聚合生物材料的众多参数可以以可控方式影响生物相容性。尽管已经进行了许多理论和实验努力来尝试理解聚合物在分子水平上的生物相容性机制，但尚未得到明确证明。此外，水相互作用已被认为是血液与聚合物接触反应的基础。
我们提出了“中间水”概念，并假设中间水，即防止蛋白质和血细胞直接接触聚合物表面的水，或聚合物表面的非冻结水，在聚合物的生物相容性中起重要作用。本章概述了通过热、光谱和表面力技术测量的生物相容性聚合物的最新实验进展。此外，它突出了生物相容性聚合物生物材料在透析器应用方面的最新进展，并概述了通过精确聚合物合成控制生物界面水结构在多功能生物医学聚合物设计方面取得的进展。关键信息：仅在水合生物聚合物（蛋白质、多糖和核酸、DNA和RNA）以及水合生物相容性合成聚合物中发现了中间水。中间水可能是设计合适透析器材料的主要筛选因素之一。
