Overview on Research and Clinical Applications of Optogenetics.

Optogenetics is a method that uses light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been modified to express light-sensitive ion channels and pumps. The approach facilitates neuromodulation in brain preparations and freely moving animals with unmatched spatial and temporal resolution. This optogenetics overview describes the vast array of light-sensitive proteins available and the methods used to deliver them to tissue and modulate them with light. How these methods have so far enhanced our knowledge of fundamental neuroscience and psychiatric disease will be discussed as well as how they may contribute to drug discovery in the future. Finally, the potential rewards and risks of therapeutic gene transfer of optogenetic proteins in humans will be considered. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.