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Adv Biol (Weinh). 2021 May;5(5):e2000180. doi: 10.1002/adbi.202000180. Epub 2021 Jan 14.
Optogenetics utilizes photosensitive proteins to manipulate the localization and interaction of molecules in living cells. Because light can be rapidly switched and conveniently confined to the sub-micrometer scale, optogenetics allows for controlling cellular events with an unprecedented resolution in time and space. The past decade has witnessed an enormous progress in the field of optogenetics within the biological sciences. The ever-increasing amount of optogenetic tools, however, can overwhelm the selection of appropriate optogenetic strategies. Considering that each optogenetic tool may have a distinct mode of action, a comparative analysis of the current optogenetic toolbox can promote the further use of optogenetics, especially by researchers new to this field. This review provides such a compilation that highlights the spatiotemporal accuracy of current optogenetic systems. Recent advances of optogenetics in live cells and animal models are summarized, the emerging work that interlinks optogenetics with other research fields is presented, and exciting clinical and industrial efforts to employ optogenetic strategy toward disease intervention are reported.
光遗传学利用光敏蛋白来操纵活细胞中分子的定位和相互作用。由于光可以快速切换并且方便地限制在亚微米尺度内，光遗传学允许以空前的时间和空间分辨率控制细胞事件。在过去的十年中，光遗传学在生物科学领域取得了巨大的进展。然而，不断增加的光遗传学工具可能会让人不知所措，难以选择合适的光遗传学策略。考虑到每个光遗传学工具可能具有不同的作用模式，对当前光遗传学工具包的比较分析可以促进光遗传学的进一步应用，特别是对该领域的新手研究员。本文综述提供了这样一个汇编，突出了当前光遗传学系统的时空准确性。总结了光遗传学在活细胞和动物模型中的最新进展，介绍了将光遗传学与其他研究领域联系起来的新兴工作，并报道了令人兴奋的临床和工业努力，以采用光遗传学策略干预疾病。
