Low pre-treatment end-tidal CO predicts dropout from cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders.

Recent clinical trial research suggests that baseline low end-tidal CO (ETCO, the biological marker of hyperventilation) may predict poorer response to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety-related disorders. The present study examined the predictive value of baseline ETCO among patients treated for such disorders in a naturalistic clinical setting. Sixty-nine adults with a primary diagnosis of a DSM-5 anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder completed a 4-min assessment of resting ETCO, and respiration rate (the first minute was analyzed). Lower ETCO was not associated with a diagnosis of panic disorder, and was associated with lower subjective distress ratings on certain measures. Baseline ETCO significantly predicted treatment dropout: those meeting cutoff criteria for hypocapnia were more than twice as likely to drop out of treatment, and ETCO significantly predicted dropout beyond other pre-treatment variables. Weekly measurement suggested that the lower-ETCO patients who dropped out were not responding well to treatment prior to dropout. The present results, along with previous clinical trial data, suggest that lower pre-treatment ETCO is a negative prognostic indicator for CBT for anxiety-related disorders. It is suggested that patients with lower ETCO might benefit from additional intervention that targets respiratory abnormality.