Hardiman P T, Dufresne R, Mestre J P
Mem Cognit. 1989 Sep;17(5):627-38. doi: 10.3758/bf03197085.
These investigations were conducted to examine the relationship between problem-solving ability and the criteria used to decide that two classical mechanics problems would be solved similarly. We began by comparing experts and novices on a similarity judgment task and found that the experts predominantly relied on the problems' deep structures in deciding on similarity of solution, although the presence of surface-feature similarity had a clear adverse effect on performance. The novices relied predominantly on surface features, but were capable of using the problems' deep structures under certain conditions. In a second experiment, we compared groups of novices, at the same level of experience, who tended to employ different types of reasoning in making similarity judgments. Compared to novices who relied predominantly on surface features, novices who made greater use of principles tended to categorize problems similarly to how experts categorized them, as well as score higher in problem solving. These results suggest that principles play a fundamental role in the organization of conceptual and procedural knowledge for good problem solvers at all levels.
开展这些调查是为了研究解决问题的能力与用于判定两道经典力学问题将以相似方式解决的标准之间的关系。我们首先在相似性判断任务中比较了专家和新手，发现专家在判定解决方案的相似性时主要依赖问题的深层结构，尽管表面特征相似性的存在对表现有明显的不利影响。新手主要依赖表面特征，但在某些条件下能够运用问题的深层结构。在第二个实验中，我们比较了处于相同经验水平、在进行相似性判断时倾向于采用不同类型推理的新手组。与主要依赖表面特征的新手相比，更多运用原理的新手倾向于像专家那样对问题进行分类，并且在解决问题方面得分更高。这些结果表明，原理在各级优秀问题解决者的概念性和程序性知识组织中起着基础性作用。
